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. 2018 Nov 23;8:17294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35917-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Perturbation of glucose metabolism in neurons during diabetes favors an upregulation in aldose reductase, the enzyme responsible for sorbitol production. (a) Schematic of sorbitol and fructose biosynthesis during excess glucose conditions. (b) Gene expression of key metabolic enzymes in day 42 co-culture: aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD). Protein kinase D2 (PRKD2) expression as a key regulator of proliferation. n = 3, *p < 0.05 as determined by a one-way ANOVA.