. 2018 May 29;25(7):1369–1374. doi: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2018.05.021

Table 2.

Non-phenolic floral markers, total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and antibacterial activity (determined as zone of inhibition) of Saudi honey obtained from different botanical sources.

Trade name	Markers of honeys	TPC (mg/g honey)	AA	MRSA	S. aureus	A. baumannii	E. faecium
Toran	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; Methyl palmitate; Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-ol; 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine-6-carboxylic acid; γ- Guanidinobutyric acid; Butyl decyl phthalate	2.59 ± 0.00^b	53.93 ± 0.21^a	18 ± 0.46^c	29 ± 0.01^b	14 ± 0.10^e	21 ± 0.50^a
Zaitoon	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; N-Acetylcaprolactam	2.07 ± 0.10^c	44.56 ± 0.00^b	0.7^c ± 19	19 ± 1.00 ^e	18 ± 0.48^b	16 ± 0.14^c
Rabea Aja	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one	5.02 ± 0.01^a	40.97 ± 0.01^c	22 ± 0.10^b	16 ± 0.25^f	24 ± 0.05^a	18 ± 0.00^b
Shaflah	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 2,3-Dihydroxy- propanal	1.47 ± 0.10^e	20.02 ± 0.25^e	16 ± 0.01^d	23 ± 0.01^c	17 ± 0.15^c	21 ± 1.0^a
Saha	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 2,3-Dihydroxy propanal (Glyceraldehyde); Isobutyl octadecyl phthalate; 2-amino-4-hydroxypteridine-6-carboxylic acid	0.78 ± 0.00^j	13.37 ± 0.04^h	12 ± 0.02^f	22 ± 0.05^d	0.0	0.0
Jizan	Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 2,3-Dihydroxy propane; Diisooctyl phthalate	1.08 ± 0.01ⁱ	13.56 ± 0.16^h	12 ± 0.51^f	0.0	12 ± 0.25^f	14 ± 0.00^d
Fakhira	Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 2,3-Dihydroxy propanal; n-Butyl phthalate; Methyl palmitate; Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-ol	1.29 ± 0.00^g	20.31 ± 0.25^e	10 ± 0.18^g	0.0	14 ± 0.48^e	16 ± 0.19^c
Sedr Aljanoob	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Dibutyl phthalate; Tetrahydro-4H-pyran-4-ol	1.32 ± 0.01^f	18.60 ± 0.01^f	13 ± 0.05 ^e	22 ± 1.0 ^d	17 ± 1.00^c	16 ± 0.48^c
Tenhat	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate	1.73 ± 0.20 ^d	30.08 ± 0.24 ^d	11 ± 1.0^f	21 ± 0.5 ^d	15 ± 1.02 ^de	0.0
Karath	2,3-Dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one; Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one	1.07 ± 0.00ⁱ	5.89 ± 0.13ⁱ	16 ± 0.18^d	0.0	17 ± 0.40^c	0.0
Bareq	Methyl 3-hydroxyhexanoate; 5-Hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxaldehyde; 2,3-Dihydroxy propanal	1.23 ± 0.01^h	16.98 ± 0.09^g	12 ± 1.08^f	22 ± 0.1^d	17 ± 0.00^c	13 ± 1.00^d
Antibiotic^*		–	–	30 ± 0.31^a	30 ± 0.26^a	15 ± 0.21^d	20 ± 0.23^a

Means in the same column with different letters are significantly (p < 0.05) different. Antibiotic^*: cephalothin, clindamycin, chlorophenol, and bacitracin were used as positive control for MRSA, S. aureus, A. baumannii, and E. faecium, respectively.