Table 1:
Maternal and Child Demographic Characteristics by HIV Exposure Status of Children
| Maternal Demographic Characteristics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HIV-exposure | |||||
| Total (n= 893*) | HIV-exposed/uninfected (n= 436) | HIV-unexposed (n= 457) | P-value | ||
| Mother’s enrollment cohort (antenatal vs. postnatal) | Antenatal enrollment | 785 (87.9%) | 380 (87.2%) | 405 (88.6%) | 0.50 |
| Post-natal enrollment (within 7 days of delivery) | 108 (12.1%) | 56 (12.8%) | 52 (11.4%) | ||
| Enrollment Site (rural vs urban) | Rural | 393 (44.0%) | 158 (36.2%) | 235 (51.4%) | <0.001 |
| Urban | 500 (56.0%) | 278 (63.8%) | 222 (48.6%) | ||
| Highest education level | None/primary | 90 (1.0%) | 68 (15.6%) | 22 (4.8%) | <0.001 |
| Secondary | 686 (76.8%) | 336 (77.1%) | 350 (76.6%) | ||
| University | 113 (12.7%) | 29 (6.7%) | 84 (18.4%) | ||
| Personal earnings (USD/month) | None | 551 (61.7%) | 233 (53.4%) | 318 (69.6%) | <0.001 |
| <=$50 | 45 (5.0%) | 33 (7.6%) | 12 (2.6%) | ||
| $50 - $100 | 131 (14.7%) | 91 (20.9%) | 40 (8.6%) | ||
| >$100 | 162 (18.1%) | 75 (17.2%) | 87 (19.0%) | ||
| Occupation | Employed | 304 (34.0%) | 177 (40.6%) | 127 (27.8%) | <0.001 |
| Housewife or unemployed | 538 (60.2%) | 248 (56.9%) | 290 (63.5%) | ||
| Student | 48 (5.4%) | 8 (1.8%) | 40 (8.8%) | ||
| Drinking water source | Piped into home | 197 (22.1%) | 82 (18.8%) | 115 (25.2%) | <0.001 |
| Tap in yard | 592 (66.3%) | 282 (64.7%) | 310 (67.8%) | ||
| Communal standpipe | 97(10.9%) | 67(15.4%) | 30(6.6%) | ||
| Borehole, well or other source | 7(0.8%) | 5(1.1%) | 2(0.4%) | ||
| Electricity in the home | Yes | 520 (58.2%) | 217 (49.8%) | 303 (66.3%) | <0.001 |
| No | 370 (41.4%) | 216 (49.5%) | 154 (33.7%) | ||
| Food insecurity by category | None/mild | 521 (58.4%) | 208 (47.7%) | 313 (68.5%) | <0.001 |
| Moderate/severe | 370 (41.4%) | 227 (52.1%) | 143 (31.3%) | ||
| Data not available | 2 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.2%) | ||
| Maternal alcohol use during pregnancy | No | 828 (92.7%) | 400 (91.7%) | 428 (93.7%) | 0.29 |
| Yes | 59 (6.6%) | 34 (7.8%) | 25 (5.5%) | ||
| Unknown | 6 (0.7%) | 2 (0.5%) | 4 (0.8%) | ||
| Mother’s age at randomization (years) | N | 893 | 436 | 457 | <.0001 |
| Min, Max | 18, 46 | 18, 43 | 18, 46 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 26 (20–36) | 28 (21–37) | 24 (19–34) | ||
| Worst (highest) maternal depression score+ | N | 889 | 434 | 455 | <.0001 |
| Min, Max | 0, 20 | 0, 16 | 0, 20 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 2 (0–6) | 2(0–6) | 1(0–5) | ||
| Worst (lowest) maternal social support score# | N | 782 | 381 | 401 | 0.39 |
| Min, Max | 3, 40 | 3, 40 | 10, 40 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 34 (22–40) | 34 (22–40) | 34 (23–40) | ||
| Maternal baseline CD4 >250 | Yes | 375 (86.0%) | |||
| No | 61 (14.0%) | ||||
| Maternal PMTCT regimen | 3-drug ART | 138 (31.7%) | |||
| Zidovudine | 294 (67.4%) | ||||
| No (or <2 weeks) antiretrovirals | 4 (0.9%) | ||||
| Child Characteristics by HIV-exposure Status | |||||
| Sex | Male | 443 (49.6%) | 218 (50.0%) | 225 (49.2%) | 0.82 |
| Female | 450 (50.4%) | 218 (50.0%) | 232 (50.8%) | ||
| Birth weight by category | Very low birth weight (<= 1.5 kg) | 5 (0.6%) | 2 (0.5%) | 3 (0.7%) | <0.001 |
| Low birth weight (1.5–2.5 kg) | 113 (12.7%) | 75 (17.2%) | 38 (8.3%) | ||
| Normal (> 2.5 kg) | 756 (84.6%) | 352 (80.7%) | 404 (88.4%) | ||
| Unknown | 19 (2.1%) | 7 (1.6%) | 12 (2.6%) | ||
| Infant premature (<37 weeks)? | No | 769 (86.1%) | 369 (84.6%) | 400 (87.5%) | 0.21 |
| Yes | 124 (13.9%) | 67 (15.4%) | 57 (12.5%) | ||
| Birth weight (kg) | N | 874 | 429 | 445 | 0.0002 |
| Min, Max | 0.8, 8.2 | 1,5.7 | 0.8, 8.2 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 3.1 (2.4–3.8) | 3 (2.4–3.8) | 3.2 (2.4–3.8) | ||
| Child Feeding | Breastfed | 486 (54%) | 35 (8%) | 451 (99%) | <0.001 |
| Formula Fed only | 401 (45%) | 396 (91%) | 5 (1%) | ||
| Never fed | 6 (<1%) | 5 (1%) | 1 (<1%) | ||
| Duration of breastfeeding, if breastfed (days) | N | 435 | 31 | 404 | <0.0001 |
| Min, Max | 1,934 | 1,243 | 2, 934 | ||
| Median (IQR) | 366 (190–475) | 181 (44–184) | 372 (217–488) | ||
Table 1 presents demographics by Child HIV exposure status and not maternal HIV status.
*
A total of 893 children who were delivered by 878 mothers were included in the mortality analysis (16 mothers had twins with one mother had just one of her twins enrolled in the study).
+
higher score indicates worse depression
#
higher score indicates better social support.