Table 3.

Literature review of craniofacial heritability – population studies.

Study sample	Measures and techniques	Effect	Reference
NUMBER 3480 individuals SEX DISTRIBUTION 44.4% males 55.6% females AGE DISTRIBUTION 3–21 years 70% in 7–12 age bracket ETHNIC BACKGROUND Tanzania Bantu children, Mwanza region	CAPTURING TECHNIQUE 3D facial scans STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Model-fitting (GCTA) >15 million common SNPs FACIAL PHENOTYPE 29 landmarks 38 measures (PC, linear, size)	RANGE 28.3–66.9% GENETIC DETERMINATION Nasal root shape, mouth width Total facial width Allometry Centroid size Nasion-midendocanthion distance Nasal width Nose width, mandible height Total facial shape Midfacial landmark network around nose and mouth ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCE Upper vermilion height Nasal width, maxillary prognathism Lower lip height Chin height, nasion protrusion NOTES h2: horizontal > vertical and depth measures >90% of the narrow-sense h2 can be explained by common genetic variation High absolute genetic correlations between most traits: large overlap in underlying genetic loci	Cole et al., 2017

The first column (‘Study sample’) contains information on the study population. The second column (‘Measures and Techniques’) specifies the methodology. The third column (‘Effect’) summarizes the most important findings of the study (see also column 4 ‘Reference’). Heritability was considered to be low if h²< 35% (i.e., ‘environmental influence’) and moderate to high if h² > 35% and h² > 65%, respectively (i.e., ‘genetic determination’).