Table 1.

Preterm birth rate and rate ratios for each time period by nativity, race/ethnicity and ancestry, New York City, 1 September 2015 to 31 August 2017

	Total births (n)	Preterm births (n)	PTB rate (%)	Time period 1: during campaign, before US presidential nominations	Time period 2: nomination to inauguration	Time period 3: post-inauguration	Rate ratio (time period 2/time period 1) and 95% CI		Rate ratio (time period 3/time period 1) and 95% CI
				Rate (%)	Rate (%)	Rate (%)	Rate ratio	95% CI	Rate ratio	95% CI
Population (n)	230 105	16 331	7.1	7.0	7.1	7.3	1.01	0.97 to 1.05	1.04	1.00 to 1.07
Nativity
US born	110 510	8164	7.4	7.4	7.2	7.5	0.98	0.93 to 1.04	1.02	0.97 to 1.07
Foreign born	119 456	8150	6.8	6.7	6.9	7.0	1.03	0.98 to 1.09	1.06	1.01 to 1.11
Race/ethnicity
Hispanic	65 799	5126	7.8	7.7	7.5	8.2	0.97	0.91 to 1.04	1.07	1.01 to 1.13
Asian and Pacific Islander	40 488	2656	6.6	6.5	6.5	6.7	1.00	0.91 to 1.10	1.02	0.94 to 1.11
White non-Hispanic	77 874	3902	5.0	4.9	5.2	5.0	1.07	0.98 to 1.15	1.01	0.94 to 1.08
Black non-Hispanic	42 774	4410	10.3	10.2	10.0	10.6	0.98	0.91 to 1.05	1.04	0.98 to 1.11
Other	3004	218	7.3	6.8	8.1	7.4	1.18	0.85 to 1.64	1.08	0.80 to 1.45
Ancestry
MENA (travel ban+rest of MENA)	7270	344	4.7	4.5	5.1	4.8	1.12	0.86 to 1.47	1.07	0.85 to 1.36
MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh	8058	384	4.8	4.6	4.7	5.0	1.02	0.79 to 1.32	1.08	0.86 to 1.34
Travel ban	2405	113	4.7	4.6	4.7	4.8	1.01	0.61 to 1.65	1.03	0.69 to 1.54
Rest of MENA	4865	231	4.7	4.5	5.2	4.9	1.18	0.85 to 1.62	1.09	0.81 to 1.46
Mexico and Central America	17 156	1289	7.5	7.2	7.1	8.2	0.98	0.85 to 1.13	1.13	1.01 to 1.28
Sub-Saharan Africa	5841	407	7.0	6.7	7.5	7.0	1.13	0.89 to 1.43	1.05	0.84 to 1.30
Caribbean	45 237	3892	8.6	8.5	8.3	9.0	0.98	0.90 to 1.06	1.05	0.98 to 1.13
North America other than USA	483	22	4.6	3.7	5.0	5.5	1.34	0.45 to 4.02	1.48	0.58 to 3.76
USA	49 157	4084	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.5	0.99	0.92 to 1.07	1.02	0.96 to 1.09
South America	14 320	1081	7.5	7.4	7.4	7.8	1.00	0.86 to 1.16	1.05	0.92 to 1.20
Rest of Asia excluding MENA	41 714	2623	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	1.00	0.91 to 1.10	1.00	0.92 to 1.09
Europe	27 072	1323	4.9	4.7	5.2	4.9	1.10	0.96 to 1.26	1.02	0.91 to 1.16
Oceania	324	18	5.6	8.1	4.3	2.8	0.53	0.15 to 1.83	0.35	0.10 to 1.21
Jewish or Hebrew	10 354	440	4.2	4.4	4.6	3.7	1.04	0.82 to 1.32	0.84	0.68 to 1.04
Nativity and ethnicity
US born
Hispanic	28 380	2451	8.6	8.5	8.4	9.0	0.98	0.89 to 1.09	1.06	0.97 to 1.15
Asian and Pacific Islander	4581	291	6.4	6.6	6.1	6.2	0.93	0.69 to 1.24	0.95	0.74 to 1.23
White non-Hispanic	52 686	2700	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.0	1.02	0.92 to 1.12	0.97	0.89 to 1.05
Black non-Hispanic	22 975	2570	11.2	11.3	10.3	11.7	0.92	0.83 to 1.01	1.04	0.96 to 1.13
Other	1800	142	7.9	7.2	8.5	8.4	1.17	0.78 to 1.76	1.16	0.80 to 1.66
Ancestry
Travel ban	350	10	2.9	3.0	1.6	3.4	0.53	0.06 to 4.55	1.13	0.31 to 4.14
Rest of MENA	527	19	3.6	3.2	2.8	4.6	0.87	0.24 to 3.25	1.42	0.54 to 3.72
Mexico and Central America	3917	283	7.2	6.9	6.8	7.9	0.99	0.73 to 1.34	1.14	0.88 to 1.46
Sub-Saharan Africa	170	17	10.0	5.9	16.1	11.3	2.74	0.78 to 9.65	1.92	0.60 to 6.12
Caribbean	21 155	1899	9.0	8.9	8.5	9.4	0.96	0.85 to 1.07	1.05	0.95 to 1.16
North America other than USA	30	1	3.3	0.0	0.0	10.0	–	–	–	–
USA	44 147	3614	8.2	8.2	8.0	8.3	0.97	0.89 to 1.05	1.01	0.94 to 1.09
South America	2566	186	7.2	6.3	7.1	8.8	1.13	0.78 to 1.62	1.40	1.02 to 1.92
Rest of Asia excluding MENA	4367	269	6.2	6.4	5.9	5.9	0.92	0.68 to 1.25	0.93	0.71 to 1.21
Europe	15 456	818	5.3	5.3	5.3	5.3	1.00	0.83 to 1.19	1.01	0.86 to 1.17
Oceania	46	4	8.7	14.3	0.0	6.7	0	–	0.47	0.05 to 4.36
Jewish or Hebrew	8977	383	4.3	4.7	4.6	3.5	0.98	0.76 to 1.26	0.75	0.59 to 0.94
MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh	1012	34	3.4	3.1	2.0	4.5	0.64	0.22 to 1.91	1.43	0.71 to 2.90
Foreign born
Hispanic	37 405	2673	7.1	7.0	6.7	7.6	0.96	0.87 to 1.06	1.08	0.99 to 1.17
Asian and Pacific Islander	35 899	2364	6.6	6.5	6.6	6.7	1.01	0.91 to 1.12	1.03	0.94 to 1.13
White non-Hispanic	25 132	1200	4.8	4.4	5.3	4.9	1.18	1.03 to 1.37	1.12	0.98 to 1.27
Black non-Hispanic	19 778	1835	9.3	9.0	9.6	9.4	1.07	0.96 to 1.20	1.04	0.94 to 1.15
Other	1204	76	6.3	6.2	7.4	5.7	1.19	0.69 to 2.05	0.91	0.54 to 1.54
MENA	7995	417	5.2	5.0	5.4	5.4	1.09	0.85 to 1.39	1.10	0.89 to 1.36
Seven countries in travel ban	2495	131	5.3	5.0	5.3	5.5	1.06	0.67 to 1.68	1.12	0.77 to 1.63
Rest of MENA	5500	286	5.2	5.0	5.4	5.4	1.10	0.82 to 1.47	1.08	0.83 to 1.40
Mexico + Central America	13 414	1022	7.6	7.3	7.2	8.4	0.99	0.85 to 1.16	1.15	1.01 to 1.31
Caribbean	26 293	2227	8.5	8.2	8.4	8.9	1.02	0.92 to 1.13	1.08	0.98 to 1.18
South America	12 845	1014	7.9	7.8	7.9	8.0	1.01	0.86 to 1.17	1.03	0.90 to 1.18
North America other than USA and Mexico and Central America	1270	66	5.2	4.3	8.2	4.5	1.90	1.09 to 3.31	1.04	0.58 to 1.86
Europe	12 546	568	4.5	4.3	5.2	4.3	1.17	0.96 to 1.43	0.97	0.80 to 1.17
Oceania	491	22	4.5	4.4	4.3	4.6	0.97	0.31 to 3.02	1.04	0.42 to 2.59
Sub-Saharan Africa	7380	513	7.0	6.7	7.2	7.1	1.07	0.87 to 1.33	1.05	0.87 to 1.28
Asia (not including MENA)	37 079	2285	6.2	6.1	6.2	6.3	1.02	0.92 to 1.13	1.04	0.95 to 1.14
MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh	8030	418	5.2	4.9	5.4	5.5	1.08	0.85 to 1.39	1.10	0.89 to 1.36

Categories employed for maternal nativity, race/ethnicity and ancestry:

– Maternal race/ethnicity, ancestry and nativity data were reported at the time of birth by the mother. Maternal race/ethnicity was categorised using race and ancestry, categorised as White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander and Hispanic.¹⁶ Hispanic ethnicity includes persons of Hispanic origin based on ancestry reported on the birth certificate, regardless of reported race. Black, White and Asian/Pacific Islander race categories do not include persons of Hispanic origin. For the ancestry question, mothers are able to specify the ancestry group in an open text field. Maternal nativity is categorised as born in the USA (US born) and born outside the USA. If mothers indicate that they were born outside the USA, they can specify their country of birth in a text field.

– Women who may be at risk for anti-Muslim discrimination were categorised based on ancestry and/or country of birth. The travel ban group captured any women whose reported country of birth or ancestry was included in the original seven-country travel ban (Iran, Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Sudan, Libya and Somalia). MENA group captured women whose reported country of birth or ancestry included any country belonging to the MENA region as designated by the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Occupied Palestinian Territory, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syrian Arab Republic, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen).¹⁷ MENA+Arab+Kurd+Muslim+Sikh group attempts to capture those women who were born in MENA countries or identified a MENA ancestry or specified an ancestry of Arab, Kurd, Muslim or Sikh (with this last group included because even though Sikhs are not Muslims, they have experienced anti-Muslim attacks on account of their appearance).¹⁸

MENA, Middle Eastern and North African; PTB, preterm birth.