Table 1.

Operationalisation of the measure of formalisation

Hall et al 1967 typology	Operationalisation in this study
A. Roles
The degree to which the positions in the organisation are concretely defined.	Non-physicians’ professional roles are divided according to ‘care modules’ mostly based on diseases. For example, diabetes, mental health, (yes=2, to some extent=1, no=0).
B. Authority relations
The degree to which the authority structure is formalised (clear definition of the hierarchy of authority).	There are formal rules that specify which patients will be treated by which professional (yes=2, to some extent=1, no=0).
C. Communications
The degree of emphasis on written communications.	An electronic health record (EHR) system is used to communicate patient information between professionals within the team (yes=2, EHR exists but is not the main communication tool=1, no=0).
The degree of emphasis ongoing through established channels in the communications process.	Professionals will have team discussions on complex patients (systematically=2, if needed=1, informal chats only=0).
D. Norms and sanctions
The no of written rules and policies.	Collective prescription rules are in place to structure non-physicians’ capacity to provide drugs to patients they treat (yes=2, some=1, none=0).
E. Procedures
The degree of formalisation of orientation programmes for new members (systematic socialisation for all new entrants).	Work within the team is structured according to formal teamlets (yes=2, yes, but with flexibility=1, no=0).