Table 1.
Characteristics of study settings
| Key indicators | Nepal | Bangladesh | Vietnam |
| Income level of country (per capita GDP)76 | US$722 (2016) | US$1355 (2016) | US$2171 (2016) |
| Study city population76 | 1 181 000 (2015) | 17 598 000 (2015) | 3 629 000 (2015) |
| Rate of growth of urban population77 | 3.18%** | 3.55%** | 2.95%** |
| Maternal mortality (per 100 000 live birth)78 | 258 | 176 | 54 |
| Under 5 mortality (per 1000 live birth)78 | 35.8 | 37.6 | 21.7 |
| Vaccine coverage among those aged 1 year (%)78 | 91 | 94 | 97 |
| Stunting among children (<5 years) (%)78 | 37.1 | 36.1 | 24.6 |
| Death from RTA (per 100 000)78 | 17 | 13.6 | 24.5 |
| Suicide mortality rate (per 100 000)78 | 6 | 5.5 | 7.4 |
| Mortality due to unsafe WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) services (per 100 000)78 | 12.9 | 6 | 2 |
| Safely managed drinking water services (%)78 | 92 | 87 | 98 |
| Safely managed sanitation services (%)78 | 46 | 61 | 78 |