Table 3.
Univariate determinants for Campylobacter infection, Denmark 2016
| Exposure | Cases exposed n (%) | Controls exposed n (%) | Adjusted ORa (95% CI) | P-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Demography | |||||||
| Lives in an urban area* | 409 (85) | 1,572 (86) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.32 | |||
| Visited weekend cottage | 28 (6) | 116 (6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.4) | 0.67 | |||
| Recreational activities and environmental factors | |||||||
| Went for a walk | 443 (85) | 1,791 (88) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.37 | |||
| Gardening work | 248 (48) | 1,118 (55) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 0.72 | |||
| Running on asphalt | 298 (58) | 1,478 (72) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | <0.01 | |||
| Running on soil | 266 (52) | 1,301 (64) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | <0.05 | |||
| Riding a bicycle on asphalt | 311 (60) | 1,366 (67) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.0) | 0.10 | |||
| Riding a bicycle on soil | 210 (41) | 847 (42) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.99 | |||
| Outdoor sports | 151 (29) | 713 (35) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) | 0.10 | |||
| Stayed outdoors in rain | 28 (6) | 116 (6) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.2) | 0.31 | |||
| Bathed in an indoor swimming pool | 48 (9) | 333 (16) | 0.7 (0.5, 1.1) | 0.09 | |||
| Bathed in sea water | 43 (8) | 94 (5) | 1.6 (1.0, 2.4) | <0.05 | |||
| Bathed in fresh water | 33 (6) | 24 (1) | 6.0 (3.0, 11.9) | <0.001 | |||
| Bathed in a paddling pool | 54 (10) | 79 (4) | 3.0 (1.9, 4.6) | <0.001 | |||
| Contact to beach sand | 150 (29) | 290 (14) | 2.3 (1.8, 3.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Sailing | 19 (4) | 59 (3) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.1) | 0.62 | |||
| Fishing | 22 (4) | 43 (2) | 2.0 (1.1, 3.7) | <0.05 | |||
| Eating | |||||||
| Café or restaurant | 256 (50) | 758 (37) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.8) | <0.01 | |||
| Fast food restaurant | 314 (61) | 1,030 (51) | 1.4 (1.2, 1.8) | <0.01 | |||
| Canteen | 223 (43) | 806 (40) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.3) | 0.56 | |||
| Outdoor serving | 121 (24) | 248 (12) | 1.8 (1.4, 2.3) | <0.001 | |||
| Packed lunch eaten outside | 129 (25) | 515 (25) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.75 | |||
| Eating in own garden | 146 (28) | 517 (25) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.43 | |||
| Picnic in a forest/countryside (own food) | 60 (8) | 153 (2) | 1.8 (1.2, 2.6) | <0.01 | |||
| Meat | |||||||
| Vegetarian* | 4 (1) | 27 (1) | 0.4 (0.1, 1.3) | 0.13 | |||
| Eat poultry* | 512 (99) | 1,986 (97) | 3.5 (1.2, 10.1) | <0.05 | |||
| Eat pork* | 479 (93) | 1,915 (94) | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.25 | |||
| Eat beef* | 494 (97) | 1,971 (98) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.9) | 0.98 | |||
| Whole chicken | 163 (24) | 372 (12) | 2.2 (1.8, 2.9) | <0.001 | |||
| Boneless chicken fillets | 386 (75) | 1,183 (58) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.6) | <0.001 | |||
| Chicken thighs | 169 (33) | 501 (25) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) | <0.001 | |||
| Minced chicken | 88 (17) | 254 (13) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | 0.06 | |||
| Turkey | 28 (5) | 151 (7) | 0.6 (0.4, 1.0) | <0.05 | |||
| Duck or goose | 25 (5) | 134 (7) | 0.7 (0.4, 1.0) | 0.07 | |||
| Chicken bought fresh, prepared home | 445 (86) | 1,734/(85) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | 0.28 | |||
| Chicken bought frozen, prepared home | 200 (39) | 761 (38) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.79 | |||
| Chicken liver | 8 (2) | 48 (2) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.4) | 0.27 | |||
| Pork chops | 253 (53) | 908 (48) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.5) | 0.07 | |||
| Minced pork | 269 (56) | 1,004 (53) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.27 | |||
| Pork sausages | 262 (55) | 1,078 (57) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.76 | |||
| Beef (steak) | 249 (51) | 803 (41) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.7) | <0.01 | |||
| Minced beef | 449 (91) | 1,618 (82) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.6) | <0.001 | |||
| Vegetables and fruit | |||||||
| Lettuce | 352 (69) | 1,299 (64) | 1.1 (0.9, 1.4) | 0.40 | |||
| Raw carrots | 339 (67) | 1,462 (72) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.31 | |||
| Raw fresh peas | 144 (28) | 445 (22) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.6) | 0.09 | |||
| Unpeeled apples | 357 (70) | 1,519 (72) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | 0.70 | |||
| Grapes | 284 (56) | 1,048 (51) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | 0.10 | |||
| Strawberries (fresh) | 184 (36) | 505 (25) | 1.6 (1.3, 2.1) | <0.001 | |||
| Raspberries (fresh) | 106 (21) | 281 (14) | 1.5 (1.1, 1.9) | <0.01 | |||
| Blueberries (fresh) | 129 (25) | 370 (18) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | <0.01 | |||
| Smoothie prepared with frozen berries | 95 (19) | 306 (15) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | <0.05 | |||
| Food handling and preparation | |||||||
| Handled raw chicken | 161 (59) | 336 (35) | 2.1 (1.6, 2.9) | <0.001 | |||
| Handles raw chicken* | 274 (55) | 951 (48) | 0.8 (0.6, 1.1) | 0.20 | |||
| Washes hands before and after handling chicken* | 245 (90) | 847 (89) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.3) | 0.13 | |||
| Does not wash hands when handling chicken* | 2 (1) | 4 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.2, 8.9) | 0.71 | |||
| Cleans handling surface with a cloth* | 13 (5) | 82 (9) | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | <0.05 | |||
| Cleans handling surface with water and soap* | 235 (86) | 793 (83) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.24 | |||
| Does not clean handling surface* | 6 (2) | 25 (3) | 0.8 (0.3, 2.1) | 0.62 | |||
| Prepares chicken pink or rare* | 15 (3) | 34 (2) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.6) | 0.40 | |||
| Meat prepared on a barbecue | 182 (36) | 512 (25) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | <0.01 | |||
| Meat prepared in a microwave | 173 (34) | 611 (30) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.59 | |||
| Drink | |||||||
| Unpasteurized milk | 27 (5) | 52 (3) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.1) | <0.05 | |||
| Tap water | 485 (95) | 1,979 (93) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) | <0.01 | |||
| Water from a spring or stream | 15 (3) | 22 (1) | 2.7 (1.2, 5.8) | <0.05 | |||
| Household drinking water from private well | 27 (6) | 39 (2) | 2.9 (1.6, 5.2) | <0.001 | |||
| Animals | |||||||
| Contact to animals | 360 (73) | 1,548 (78) | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.2 | |||
| Dogs | 290 (59) | 1,186 (60) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.2) | 0.67 | |||
| Cats | 180 (36) | 797 (40) | 0.8 (0.7, 1.1) | 0.14 | |||
| Birds/poultry | 7 (1) | 73 (4) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.5) | 0.94 | |||
| Pigs | 16 (3) | 36 (2) | 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) | 0.1 | |||
| Cattle | 53 (11) | 82 (4) | 2.4 (1.6, 3.6) | <0.001 | |||
| Contact to animal feces | 111 (31) | 96 (6) | 6.8 (4.7, 9.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Owns a pet* | 233 (42) | 1,019 (48) | 1.1 (0.8, 1.3) | 0.64 | |||
| Dog* | 175 (31) | 594 (28) | 1.5 (1.1, 2.1) | <0.05 | |||
| Handles feces* | 70 (13) | 279 (13) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.7) | 0.89 | |||
| Dog had diarrhea | 29 (5) | 29 (1) | 5.9 (2.8,12.1) | <0.001 | |||
| Cat* | 89 (16) | 480 (23) | 0.6 (0.4, 0.8) | <0.01 | |||
| Handles feces/empties litter tray* | 10 (2) | 80 (4) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.12 | |||
| Cat had diarrhea | 3 (1) | 13 (1) | 1.3 (0.3, 5.5) | 0.76 | |||
| Birds/chickens* | 23 (4) | 88 (4) | 1.0 (0.6, 1.8) | 0.91 | |||
| Handles feces/cleans chicken coop* | 4 (1) | 29 (1) | 0.3 (0.1, 1.0) | 0.06 | |||
| Contact to eggs* | 19 (3) | 73 (3) | 2.2 (0.5, 9.6) | 0.30 | |||
| Other exposures | |||||||
| Suffers from chronic disease* | 52 (10) | 185 (9) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.3) | 0.66 | |||
| Use of antibiotics++ | 17 (3) | 34 (1) | 2.0 (1.0, 4.0) | <0.05 | |||
| Use of proton pump inhibitors++ | 29 (6) | 20 (1) | 3.9 (2.0, 7.5) | <0.001 | |||
| Travel abroad with overnight stay+ | 309 (35) | 298 (10) | 4.6 (3.7, 5.7) | <0.001 | |||
| Household member with diarrhea | 40 (8) | 110 (6) | 1.6 (1.0; 2.4 | <0.05 | |||
| Exposures relevant only for persons >18* | |||||||
| Currently working | 128 (48) | 319 (36) | 1.8 (1.3,2.4) | <0.001 | |||
| Contact to hospital admitted patients | 11 (4) | 62 (7) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.5) | 0.2 | |||
| Contact to patients in non-hospital settings | 29 (11) | 44 (5) | 2.2 (1.0,4.9) | <0.05 | |||
| Contact to water or sewage | 8 (3) | 27 (3) | 1.3 (0.4,4.9) | 0.7 | |||
| Exposures relevant only for persons <18* | |||||||
| Forest nursery/kindergarten | 81 (28) | 271 (22) | 1.2 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.2 | |||
| Animals in the nursery/kindergarten | 121 (42) | 394 (32) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.8) | <0.05 | |||
| Uses a dummy | 110 (38) | 394 (32) | 1.0 (0.1, 1.7) | 0.9 | |||
| Uses a snuggle toy | 46 (16) | 234 (19) | 1.0 (0.5, 1.7) | 0.9 | |||
| Animals at school/college | 32 (11) | 86 (7) | 1.6 (0.7, 3.3) | 0.1 | |||
| After school job | 72 (25) | 221 (18) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | 0.5 | |||
| Babysitting | 17 (6) | 49 (4) | 2.5 (0.4, 16.1) | 0.3 | |||
| Contact to animals | 46 (16) | 98 (8) | 2.7 (1.1, 3.0) | <0.01 | |||
| Contact to food | 38 (13) | 160 (13) | 0.9 (0.3, 3.3) | 0.9 | |||
Notes:
a
ORs are adjusted for the confounding effect of gender, age, residential area (urban or rural), and season. Exposures refer to a 5-day exposure period prior to onset of symptoms (cases) or completion of questionnaire (controls) apart from (*) habits or baseline, (+) 14-day exposure period, and (++) 1-month exposure period.