HPV-18−infected raft cultures exposed to Vorinostat, Belinostat, or Panobinostat. Parallel cultures were exposed to these HDAC inhibitors at the specified concentration from days 6 to 14. Day 14 cultures were probed for viral DNA amplification (red) and BrdU incorporation (green). Portions of the cultures exposed to 5 μM Belinostat had significant cell death, causing trapping of in situ probe signals (red). Histology, L1, and TUNEL assays are shown in SI Appendix, Figs. S3 and S4.