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. 2018 Nov 26;8:17347. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35485-2

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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IL-34 up-regulated CD36 expression and promoted foam cell formation partially via p38 MAPK pathway. (a) Effects of IL-34 on the protein expression of phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, IκB, p38 MARK, JNK and ERK were assessed by western blot. Macrophages were pretreated with CAPE (10 μM), SP600125 (10 μM), PD98059 (10 μM), SB203580 (10 μM) respectively for 1 hr, following co-incubated with IL-34 for 24 hr. CD36 mRNA transcripts (b) and protein levels (c) were analyzed. Macrophages were pretreated with or without SB203580 for 1 hr, and followed by treated with either Dil-oxLDL or Dil-oxLDL + IL-34 as indicated. Fluorescence confocal microscopy (d,e) or flow cytometry (f,g) were carried out to determine total uptake of Dil-oxLDL in each group. Data represent mean ± SD of n = 3 biologically independent experiments. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01. Unprocessed original scans of blots are shown in Supplementary Fig. 3.