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. 2018 Nov 26;8:17329. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35339-x

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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1,25(OH)2D3 protects against kidney fibrosis and inflammation induced by UUO. (a) 1,25(OH)2D3 was injected intraperitoneally once-daily from day 0 to day 6 after the UUO treatment. (b–d) UUO up-regulated mRNA expression of α-SMA, TGF-β and Col1a2 at day 7, and this up-regulation was reduced following 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. (e) Kidney fibrosis was determined by Picrosirius red staining (upper); the red color in Picrosirius red staining is described in (f). Double immunofluorescent staining of α-SMA (green) with DAPI (blue) (lower); the green fluorescence was quantified in (g–i) UUO up-regulated mRNA expression of IL-6 and IL-1β at day 7, and this up-regulation was suppressed by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. (j) CD163, a monocyte/macrophage marker with anti-inflammatory potential, increased in UUO-pathology and this was enhanced by 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment. Scale bar, 100 μm. *P < 0.05 compared with control; ^#P < 0.05 compared with saline; n = 6–10. Data are presented as mean ± SE.