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. 2018 Nov 20;12:434. doi: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00434

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Copyright © 2018 Jin, Riew, Kim, Kim and Lee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Schematic representation of the phenotypic heterogeneity of GRP78-positive cells in the lesion core and perilesional area in the striata after lesion induction using 3-nitropropionic acid injection. (A) In the saline-treated control striatum, GRP78 immunoreactivity is almost exclusively localized to striatal neurons. (B) One day after 3-NP injection, neuronal profiles are absent from the lesion core, while neurons in the peri-lesional area show evident GRP78 immunoreactivity. In addition, astrocytes and microglia in the peri-lesional area show very weak immunoreactivity for GRP78. (C) Three days after lesion induction, GRP78 expression is induced in association with activated microglia/macrophages and the vascular wall, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and adventitial fibroblast-like cells in the lesion periphery, although these cell types are absent from the lesion epicenter. In addition, evident GRP78 immunoreactivity is observed in reactive astrocytes and activated microglia in the perilesional area. (D) Seven days after lesion induction, intense GRP78 expression is observed in the vascular profiles and in activated microglia/macrophages throughout the lesion core. In addition, intense GRP78 expression is observed in reactive astrocytes and activated microglia in the peri-lesional area.