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. 2018 Nov 26;8:17376. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-35604-z

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Examples of efficient surface structuring by laser. SEM images of structures ablated in copper by using a picosecond laser: (a) rectangular cavity with dimensions 2.6 mm × 1.0 mm × 0.8 mm processed in 1 min time; (b) logo of Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, engraving depth 0.2 mm; (c) bio-inspired shark skin-like structure, period 0.25 mm, blade height 0.16 mm; (d) drag reducing blade-riblet structure: period 0.7 mm; blade height 0.35 mm. Laser processing parameters: wavelength of irradiation 1064 nm; mean laser power 13.0 W; pulse repetition rate 100 kHz; pulse duration 10 ps; scanning speed 200 mm/s; spot radius w₀ = 62.4 μm, peak laser fluence F₀ = 2.13 J/cm², copper removal rate of 2.0 mm³/min.