Table 1.

Neonatal characteristics of the study population (N = 54).

Variable	N	% or mean ±SD
Gestational age (weeks GA)	54	29.5 ± 1.7
Birthweight (grams)	54	1194 ± 288
Head circumference at birth (cm)	54	26.4 ± 1.9
Male	26	48.1
Apgar score at 1 min after birth	54	4.8 ± 2.5
Apgar score at 5 min after birth	54	6.8 ± 1.5
Antenatal corticosteroid	50/54	92.6
Intraventricular hemorrhage	8	14.8
Periventricular leukomalacia	0	0
Mechanical ventilation	50	92.6
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia	28	51.9
Mild	12	42.9
Moderate	13	46.4
Severe	3	10.7
Surgery for patent ductus arteriosus	5	9.3
Early onset infection	4	7.4
Late onset infection	16	29.6
Blood inflammation	16	29.6
Jaundice	45	83.3
Necrotizing enterocolitis, all stages	8/53	15.1
ROP, all stages	13/52	25.0
Maternal smoking during pregnancy	16/53	30.2
Maternal consumption of alcohol during pregnancy	2/53	3.8
Exclusive breastfeeding	18	33.3
Exclusive artificial feeding	1	1.9
Mixed feeding	35	64.8