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. 2018 Nov 20;9:2781. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02781

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Copyright © 2018 Kwon, Bae, Kim and Han.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Overall fitness gains after 150 cycles of freeze-thaw-growth (FTG) regime in terms of changes in survival rate (A) and freeze-thaw (FT) survival (B) of FTG-evolved mutants and their ancestral Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain. The four evolved mutants designated as LR1 to LR4 evolved for 150 FTG cycles. Error bars are standard deviation from three replicates. Values with different letters are significantly different (P < 0.05).