Table 2.
Concentrations (μg/mL) of volatile compounds identify in elderberry juice (control) and elderberry juices added with L. casei 2057, 2306, 2240, 2246 and the respective cell-free extracts (CFE).
| Compounds | VAR | Control | Zero-growth | CFE | Growth | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2057 | 2306 | 2057 | 2240 | 2246 | 2306 | 2240 | 2246 | |||
| KETONES | ||||||||||
| Acetone | V-K1 | 0.047 ± 0.018a, b | 0.045 ± 0.034a, b | 0.032 ± 0.006a, b | 0.152 ± 0.038c | 0.072 ± 0.011a, b | 0.093 ± 0.000b, c | 0.053 ± 0.000a, b | 0.019 ± 0.002a | 0.016 ± 0.001a, b |
| Diacetyl | V-K2 | 0.007 ± 0.006a | 0.443 ± 0.047d | 0.37 ± 0.016c | 0.011 ± 0.005a | 0.004 ± 0.003a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.000a | 0.279 ± 0.007b | 0.255 ± 0.007b |
| Acetoin | V-K3 | 0.021 ± 0.001a | 0.168 ± 0.103a, b | 0.116 ± 0.037a | 0.057 ± 0.018a | 0.026 ± 0.009a | 0.026 ± 0.000a | 0.015 ± 0.000a | 0.316 ± 0.035b | 0.092 ± 0.002a |
| 2,3-Octanedione | V-K4 | 0.003 ± 0.000a, b, c | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.001a, b | 0.006 ± 0.002c | 0.005 ± 0.001b, c | 0.004 ± 0.002a, b, c | 0.004 ± 0.000a, b, c | 0.004 ± 0.000a, b, c | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b |
| Sulcatone | V-K5 | 0.003 ± 0.003a | 0.002 ± 0.003a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.001a |
| Herbal ketone | V-K6 | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.01 ± 0.011a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. |
| 2-Undecanone | V-K7 | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.004a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.000a |
| 2-Tridecanone | V-K8 | n.d. | 0.005 ± 0.005a | 0.005 ± 0.006a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a |
| 2,3,4,5-Tetramethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one | V-K9 | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.003 ± 0.003a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.004 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.001a |
| ESTERS | ||||||||||
| Ethyl acetate | V-E1 | 0.054 ± 0.012b, c | 0.013 ± 0.01a | 0.013 ± 0.011a | 0.098 ± 0.001d | 0.077 ± 0.019c, d | 0.073 ± 0.002c, d | 0.053 ± 0.007a, b, c | 0.02 ± 0.000a, b | 0.028 ± 0.003a, b |
| Methyl isovalerate | V-E2 | 0.012 ± 0.002c, d | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.001a, b | 0.014 ± 0.000d | 0.01 ± 0.002c, d | 0.01 ± 0.003c, d | 0.011 ± 0.001c, d | 0.008 ± 0.002a, b, c | 0.008 ± 0.001c, d |
| Ethyl isovalerate | V-E3 | 0.014 ± 0.005a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.021 ± 0.014a | 0.007 ± 0.003a | 0.007 ± 0.000a | 0.006 ± 0.000a | 0.014 ± 0.000a | 0.011 ± 0.002a |
| Isopentyl acetate | V-E4 | 0.001 ± 0.001a, b | 0.002 ± 0.001a, b | 0.003 ± 0.001a, b | 0.002 ± 0.002a, b | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | 0.004 ± 0.001b | 0.003 ± 0.000a, b |
| Isoamyl isovalerate | V-E5 | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.001a |
| (E)-2-Hexenyl-acetate | V-E6 | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.001a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a |
| Methyl salicylate | V-E7 | 0.009 ± 0.005a | 0.022 ± 0.012a | 0.006 ± 0.000a | 0.013 ± 0.005a | 0.01 ± 0.004a | 0.008 ± 0.001a | 0.007 ± 0.001a | 0.017 ± 0.001a | 0.014 ± 0.000a |
| Phenethyl acetate | V-E8 | 0.004 ± 0.004a | 0.005 ± 0.004a | 0.006 ± 0.008a | 0.001 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.007 ± 0.000a | 0.007 ± 0.001a |
| Alcohols | ||||||||||
| Ethanol | V-AL1 | 0.103 ± 0.011a | 0.098 ± 0.047a | 0.081 ± 0.03a | 0.291 ± 0.11b | 0.141 ± 0.031a, b | 0.161 ± 0.009a, b | 0.093 ± 0.009a | 0.077 ± 0.003a | 0.075 ± 0.012a |
| Isoamyl alcohol | V-AL2 | 0.112 ± 0.013a | 0.158 ± 0.135a | 0.153 ± 0.1a | 0.306 ± 0.114a | 0.146 ± 0.048a | 0.138 ± 0.000a | 0.091 ± 0.003a | 0.126 ± 0.004a | 0.143 ± 0.027a |
| 2-Penten-1-ol | V-AL3 | 0.004 ± 0.000a | 0.007 ± 0.004a | 0.005 ± 0.003a | 0.01 ± 0.003a | 0.005 ± 0.002a | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.000a | 0.005 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.000a |
| Hexanol | V-AL4 | 0.069 ± 0.004a | 1.968 ± 1.072b | 1.47 ± 0.474a, b | 0.176 ± 0.067a | 0.094 ± 0.027a | 0.092 ± 0.000a | 0.061 ± 0.002a | 0.027 ± 0.001a | 0.062 ± 0.002a |
| (E)-3-Hexen-1-ol | V-AL5 | 0.008 ± 0.007a, b | 0.067 ± 0.033c | 0.049 ± 0.005c, d | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.000a |
| (Z)-3-Hexen-1-ol | V-AL6 | 0.043 ± 0.006a | 0.422 ± 0.237b | 0.294 ± 0.044a, b | 0.1 ± 0.025a | 0.057 ± 0.017a | 0.059 ± 0.002a | 0.036 ± 0.001a | 0.038 ± 0.004a | 0.042 ± 0.002a |
| 3-Octanol | V-AL7 | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.001c | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | n.d. a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.000c, d | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b, c |
| (E)-2-Hexen-1-ol | V-AL8 | 0.012 ± 0.008a | 1.763 ± 0.965b | 1.361 ± 0.399a, b | 0.01 ± 0.003a | 0.006 ± 0.002a | 0.006 ± 0.000a | 0.004 ± 0.000a | 0.05 ± 0.001a | 0.017 ± 0.001a |
| 1-Octen-3-ol | V-AL9 | 0.011 ± 0.003a | 0.02 ± 0.01a | 0.015 ± 0.001a | 0.021 ± 0.007a | 0.012 ± 0.004a | 0.011 ± 0.000a | 0.007 ± 0.000a | 0.018 ± 0.001a | 0.011 ± 0a |
| Heptanol | V-AL10 | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.015 ± 0.005c | 0.009 ± 0.000c, d | 0.005 ± 0.001a, b | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a |
| Octanol | V-AL11 | 0.005 ± 0.002a | 0.013 ± 0.003b | 0.007 ± 0.002a, b | 0.006 ± 0.002a, b | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.000a |
| 6-Methyl-heptanol | V-AL12 | 0.005 ± 0.000a | 0.025 ± 0.007c | 0.016 ± 0.001c, d | 0.011 ± 0.003a, b | n.d. | 0.005 ± 0.000a, b | 0.004 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.005 ± 0.000a |
| Nonanol | V-AL13 | 0.004 ± 0.003a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.02 ± 0.027a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.007 ± 0.004a | 0.013 ± 0.003a |
| 2-Furanmethanol | V-AL14 | 0.019 ± 0.001a | 0.079 ± 0.031b | 0.05 ± 0.008a, b | 0.049 ± 0.016a, b | 0.025 ± 0.007a | 0.023 ± 0.000a | 0.018 ± 0.002a | 0.019 ± 0.001a | 0.019 ± 0.002a |
| 2- Phenylmethanol | V-AL15 | 0.037 ± 0.021a | 0.067 ± 0.027a | 0.047 ± 0.024a | 0.048 ± 0.014a | 0.029 ± 0.008a | 0.028 ± 0.001a | 0.022 ± 0.004a | 0.054 ± 0.001a | 0.052 ± 0.002a |
| 2-Phenylethanol | V-AL16 | 0.124 ± 0.085a | 0.196 ± 0.062a | 0.194 ± 0.031a | 0.114 ± 0.031a | 0.066 ± 0.022a | 0.064 ± 0.003a | 0.045 ± 0.005a | 0.202 ± 0.008a | 0.227 ± 0.014a |
| Dodecanol | V-AL17 | n.d. | 0.003 ± 0.004a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a |
| 6-Methyl-octanol | V-AL18 | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.025 ± 0.01b | 0.024 ± 0.003b | 0.017 ± 0.006a, b | 0.009 ± 0.003a, b | 0.008 ± 0a, b | 0.007 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.002a |
| TERPENES AND NORISOPRENOIDS | ||||||||||
| Terpene not specified | V-T1 | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.000a |
| 3-Carene | V-T2 | 0.004 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.005 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.000a |
| Myrcene | V-T3 | 0.001 ± 0.001a, b | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.003 ± 0.001c, d | 0.004 ± 0.000c |
| Limonene | V-T4 | 0.215 ± 0.061a | 0.28 ± 0.242a | 0.501 ± 0.062a | 0.323 ± 0.164a | 0.145 ± 0.034a | 0.138 ± 0.001a | 0.123 ± 0.009a | 0.216 ± 0.103a | 0.235 ± 0.097a |
| Eucalyptol | V-T5 | 0.005 ± 0.005a | 0.005 ± 0.003a | 0.003 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.007 ± 0.002a | 0.003 ± 0.000a |
| γ-terpinene | V-T6 | 0.006 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.005a | 0.004 ± 0.004a | 0.01 ± 0.007a | 0.006 ± 0.002a | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.014 ± 0.001a | 0.018 ± 0.015a |
| m-cymene | V-T7 | 0.011 ± 0.001a | 0.013 ± 0.003a | 0.012 ± 0.003a | 0.02 ± 0.016a | 0.006 ± 0.001a | 0.006 ± 0.000a | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.014 ± 0.001a | 0.016 ± 0.001a |
| Terpinolene | V-T8 | 0.005 ± 0.003a | 0.007 ± 0.001a | 0.006 ± 0.003a | 0.003 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.012 ± 0.007a, b | 0.021 ± 0.003b |
| α-Ionene | V-T9 | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.007 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.005a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.001a |
| cis-Linalool oxide | V-T10 | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.007 ± 0.003a | 0.004 ± 0.002a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.006 ± 0.002a | 0.003 ± 0.002a | 0.004 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.000a |
| β-Linalool | V-T11 | 0.198 ± 0.009a, b | 0.941 ± 0.347c | 0.713 ± 0.049c, d | 0.561 ± 0.216a, b, c | 0.301 ± 0.075a, b | 0.291 ± 0.002a, b | 0.202 ± 0.013a, b | 0.156 ± 0.007a | 0.151 ± 0.011a |
| β-Caryophyllene | V-T12 | 0.003 ± 0.002a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.006 ± 0.001a |
| α-Terpineol | V-T13 | 0.039 ± 0.007a, b | 0.149 ± 0.003c | 0.138 ± 0.002c | 0.069 ± 0.02b | 0.041 ± 0.004a, b | 0.037 ± 0.001a, b | 0.029 ± 0.011a | 0.046 ± 0.001a, b | 0.044 ± 0.004a, b |
| Cadina-1(10)-4-diene | V-T14 | 0.003 ± 0.002a | 0.004 ± 0.003a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.005 ± 0.000a | 0.004 ± 0.000a |
| β-damascenone “like” | V-T15 | 0.003 ± 0.000a | 0.015 ± 0.002b | 0.013 ± 0.002b | 0.007 ± 0.002a | 0.005 ± 0.000a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.000a | 0.003 ± 0.000a |
| β-citronellol (R) | V-T16 | 0.003 ± 0.003a | 0.015 ± 0.016a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.000a |
| Terpene not specified | V-T17 | 0.002 ± 0.002a, b | 0.002 ± 0.001a, b | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. a | 0.008 ± 0.001c, d | 0.009 ± 0.004c |
| cis-Geraniol | V-T18 | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.015 ± 0.004c | 0.012 ± 0.004c, d | 0.005 ± 0.001a, b | 0.004 ± 0.000a, b | 0.003 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | 0.006 ± 0.002a | 0.003 ± 0.000a |
| β-damascenone | V-T19 | 0.066 ± 0.024a | 0.351 ± 0.036b | 0.268 ± 0.004b | 0.11 ± 0.034a | 0.067 ± 0.016a | 0.062 ± 0.002a | 0.047 ± 0.006a | 0.095 ± 0.007a | 0.097 ± 0.003a |
| trans-Geraniol | V-T20 | 0.005 ± 0.001a | 0.035 ± 0.001d | 0.026 ± 0.003c | 0.01 ± 0.004a, b | 0.006 ± 0.001a, b | 0.006 ± 0.001a, b | 0.005 ± 0.002a | 0.014 ± 0.002b | 0.007 ± 0.000a, b |
| Terpene not specified | V-T21 | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.001 | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a |
| cis-Lanceol | V-T22 | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.003 ± 0.004a | 0.002 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.000a |
| trans-Nerolidol | V-T23 | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. |
| Eugenol | V-T24 | 0.008 ± 0.008a | 0.014 ± 0.006a | 0.008 ± 0.003a | 0.002 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.094 ± 0.004c | 0.042 ± 0.001b |
| Hotrienol | V-T25 | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.004 ± 0.001a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.001 ± 0.002a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.002a |
| Dihydro-citronellol | V-T26 | 0.008 ± 0.001a | 0.042 ± 0.018b | 0.025 ± 0.002a, b | 0.022 ± 0.009a, b | 0.011 ± 0.004a | 0.009 ± 0.001a | 0.007 ± 0.001a | 0.007 ± 0.000a | 0.006 ± 0.000a |
| ACIDS | ||||||||||
| Acetic acid | V-AC1 | 0.007 ± 0.005a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.002 ± 0.002a | 0.02 ± 0.001b | n.d. a | n.d.a | n.d. a | 0.123 ± 0.001d | 0.096 ± 0.002c |
| Isovaleric acid | V-AC2 | 0.307 ± 0.095a | 0.007 ± 0.004a | 0.067 ± 0.023a | 0.676 ± 0.153b | 0.275 ± 0.124a | 0.267 ± 0.017a | 0.159 ± 0.013a | 0.289 ± 0.018a | 0.308 ± 0.028a |
| Caproic acid | V-AC3 | 0.009 ± 0.009a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.043 ± 0.003b | 0.032 ± 0.004b |
| Caproic acid like | V-AC4 | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a | 0.001 ± 0.000a |
| 2-Hexenoic acid (E) | V-AC5 | n.d. | 0.002 ± 0.001b | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.000a, b | n.d. | n.d. | 0.012 ± 0.001c | 0.012 ± 0.000c |
| Caprylic acid | V-AC6 | 0.001 ± 0.001a | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | n.d. | n.d. | 0.001 ± 0.001a | n.d. | 0.006 ± 0.001b | 0.008 ± 0.001b |
For each compound a specific variable (VAR), used in statistical and graphical analyses, was assigned.
Values are reported as mean , standard deviations, values followed by different letters within a row are significantly different (Tukey's HSD, p < 0.05).
n.d., not detected in the adopted conditions.