Table 2.
Mean macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intakes across the menstrual cycle phases (adjusted for total energy intake)
| Menstrual phase | Follicular phase | Peri-ovulatory phase | Mid-luteal phase | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 499 | n = 499 | n = 498 | n = 473 | ||
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | ||
| Macronutrient | |||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1600 (27) | 1591 (27) | 1591 (27) | 1662 (28) | 0.20 |
| Fat (g) | 63 (0.8) | 62 (0.8) | 61 (0.8) | 62 (0.8) | 0.17 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 200 (2.2) | 202 (2.2) | 205 (2.2) | 198 (2.2) | 0.26 |
| Protein (g) | 62 (0.9) | 62 (0.9) | 61 (0.9)a | 65 (0.9)a | 0.03* |
| Animal protein (g) | 40 (1.0) | 40 (1.0) | 39 (1.0) | 43 (1.0) | 0.05* |
| Vegetable protein (g) | 21 (0.4) | 22 (0.4) | 21 (0.4) | 21 (0.4) | 0.97 |
| Alcohol (g) | 2.3 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.4) | 3.3 (0.4) | 2.6 (0.5) | 0.45 |
| Total sugars (g) | 85 (1.8) | 84 (1.8) | 87 (1.8) | 83 (1.8) | 0.08 |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 13.4 (0.3) | 13.7 (0.3) | 13.5 (0.3) | 13.9 (0.3) | 0.69 |
| Soluble DF (g) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.1) | 0.73 |
| Insoluble DF (g) | 9.5 (0.3) | 9.7 (0.3) | 9.5 (0.3) | 9.9 (0.3) | 0.73 |
| %Fat | 34.4 (0.4) | 33.8 (0.4) | 33.4 (0.4) | 33.9 (0.4) | 0.41 |
| % Carbohydrates | 51 (0.5) | 51 (0.5) | 51 (0.53) | 50 (0.5) | 0.37 |
| % Protein | 15.6 (0.2) | 15.6 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2)a | 16.4 (0.2)a | 0.02* |
| Micronutrient | |||||
| Vitamin A (RE) | 781 (40) | 808 (40) | 861 (40) | 798 (41) | 0.54 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 2.96 (0.16) | 3.20 (0.16) | 2.88 (0.16) | 3.34 (0.16) | 0.14 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 6.4 (0.2) | 6.1 (0.2) | 6.0 (0.2) | 6.3 (0.2) | 0.54 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 70 (2.9) | 67 (2.9) | 73 (3.0) | 70 (3.0) | 0.61 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.37 (0.02) | 1.40 (0.02) | 1.36 (0.02) | 1.38 (0.02) | 0.49 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.66 (0.03) | 1.69 (0.03) | 1.69 (0.03) | 1.66 (0.03) | 0.85 |
| Niacin (mg) | 19.2 (0.4) | 19.2 (0.4) | 19.8 (0.4) | 20.1 (0.4) | 0.30 |
| Total folate (μg) | 362 (9) | 376 (9) | 372 (9) | 370 (9) | 0.71 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg) | 1.45 (0.03) | 1.46 (0.03) | 1.49 (0.03) | 1.49 (0.03) | 0.78 |
| Vitamin B-12(μg) | 4.56 (0.48) | 3.99 (0.47) | 4.24 (0.48) | 3.86 (0.49) | 0.75 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1897 (30) | 1931(30) | 1901 (30) | 1968 (31) | 0.33 |
| Iron (mg) | 12.3 (0.3) | 12.5 (0.3) | 12.0 (0.3) | 12.6 (0.3) | 0.37 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 952 (13) | 970 (13) | 939 (13) | 977 (13) | 0.13 |
| Calcium (mg) | 704 (17) | 697 (17) | 716(17) | 686 (17) | 0.65 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 223 (3.7) | 225 (3.7) | 218 (3.7) | 226 (3.8) | 0.45 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.2 (0.2) | 8.7 (0.2) | 8.0 (0.2) | 8.8 (0.2) | 0.01* |
| Food group (kcal/serving/day) | |||||
| Meat | 158 (8) | 157 (4.8) | 151 (5.0) | 151 (6) | 0.76 |
| Dairy | 82 (3.0) | 87 (3.0) | 81 (3.1) | 83 (3.1) | 0.54 |
| Vegetable fat | 53 (3.6) | 54 (3.6) | 51 (3.6) | 53 (3.7) | 0.96 |
| Eggs | 48 (2.5) | 44 (2.5) | 47 (2.5) | 43 (2.5) | 0.31 |
| Animal/nut fat | 74 (2.3) | 78 (2.3) | 70 (2.3) | 71 (2.3) | 0.07 |
| Fruits | 30 (2.5) | 30 (2.5) | 33 (2.5) | 30 (2.5) | 0.70 |
| Vegetables | 138 (3.6) | 145 (3.6) | 140 (3.6) | 137 (3.7) | 0.38 |
| Sweet/cake/pie | 166 (8) | 165 (8) | 168 (8) | 167(8) | 0.99 |
| Candy/syrup/sugar | 56 (3.6) | 67 (3.6) | 59 (3.6) | 59 (3.7) | 0.16 |
P represents the overall effect of phase on nutrient intake
a
Significant pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05) are indicated by similar superscripts, with Holm–Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons