Table 3.
Mean macronutrient, micronutrient, and food group intake by ovulatory status throughout the four menstrual cycle phases (adjusted for total energy intake)
| Daily intake | Anovulatory (n = 42) | Ovulatory (n = 467) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Menstrual phase | Follicular phase | Peri-ovulatory phase | Mid-lute al phase | P value day | Menstrual phase | Follicular phase | Peri-ovulatory phase | Mid-luteal phase | P value day | |
| Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | Mean (SE) | |||
| Macronutrients | ||||||||||
| Energy (kcal) | 1641 (100) | 1500 (95) | 1543 (100) | 1749(117) | 0.36 | 1596 (28) | 1599 (28) | 1594(28) | 1656 (29) | 0.35 |
| Fat(g) | 60 (5.1) | 61 (2.6) | 60 (2.7) | 68 (3.2) | 0.21 | 63 (1.6) | 62 (1.6) | 60 (1.6) | 64 (1.6) | 0.30 |
| Carbohydrates (g) | 216 (8.1) | 205 (7.7) | 209 (8.1) | 189 (9.5) | 0.19 | 199 (2.2) | 202 (2.2) | 204 (2.2) | 199 (2.3) | 0.30 |
| Protein (g) | 56 (3.1) | 62 (2.9) | 60 (3.1) | 63 (3.6) | 0.51 | 62 (0.9) | 62 (0.9) | 61 (0.9)a | 65 (1.0)a | 0.04 |
| Animal protein (g) | 31 (3.9) | 37 (3.7) | 36 (3.9) | 39 (4.5) | 0.49 | 41 (1.0) | 40 (1.0) | 40 (1.0) | 43 (1.0) | 0.08 |
| Vegetable protein (g) | 26 (2.0) | 25 (1.9) | 24 (2.0) | 23 (2.3) | 0.88 | 21 (0.4) | 21 (0.4) | 21 (0.4) | 21 (0.4) | 0.94 |
| Alcohol (g) | 0.1 (0.7) | 1.6 (0.6) | 1.3 (0.7) | 0.4 (0.8) | 0.36 | 2.5 (0.5) | 2.7 (0.5) | 3.4 (0.5) | 2.8 (0.5) | 0.52 |
| Total sugars (g) | 85 (5.6) | 78 (5.3) | 84 (5.6) | 70 (6.5) | 0.26 | 84 (1.9) | 85 (1.9) | 87 (1.9) | 81 (1.9) | 0.15 |
| Total dietary fiber (g) | 17.9 (1.7) | 16.3 (1.6) | 17.4 (1.7) | 19.6 (2.0) | 0.86 | 13.0 (0.3) | 13.5 (0.3) | 13.2 (0.3) | 13.8 (0.4) | 0.36 |
| Soluble fiber (g) | 4.7 (0.4) | 4.1 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.4) | 4.7 (0.4) | 0.56 | 3.6 (0.1) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.7 (0.1) | 3.8 (0.1) | 0.62 |
| Insoluble fiber (g) | 13.0 (1.4) | 12.0 (1.3) | 12.6 (1.4) | 11.2 (1.6) | 0.82 | 9.2 (0.3) | 9.5 (0.3) | 9.3 (0.3) | 9.8 (0.3) | 0.18 |
| % Fat | 33.2 (1.5) | 33.7 (1.4) | 33.5 (1.5) | 37.7 (1.7) | 0.19 | 34.5 (0.4) | 33.7 (0.4) | 33.3 (0.4) | 33.7 (0.5) | 0.34 |
| % Carbohydrates | 54.7 (1.9) | 51.9 (1.8) | 52.2 (1.9) | 48.4 (2.2) | 0.20 | 50.4 (0.6) | 51.1 (0.6) | 51.4 (0.6) | 50.3 (0.6) | 0.42 |
| % Protein | 14.3 (0.8) | 15.7 (0.8) | 15.8 (0.8) | 15.7 (1.0) | 0.56 | 15.7 (0.2) | 15.6 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2)a | 16.4 (0.3)a | 0.02 |
| Micronutrients | ||||||||||
| Vitamin A (mg) | 818(162) | 891 (155) | 1125(162) | 1098(190) | 0.48 | 778 (42) | 801 (42) | 840 (42) | 778 (42) | 0.70 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 2.33 (0.4) | 2.59 (0.3) | 2.68 (0.4) | 2.77 (0.4) | 0.85 | 3.06 (0.2) | 3.19 (0.2) | 2.91 (0.2) | 3.43 (0.2) | 0.16 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 6.9 (0.7) | 6.6 (0.7) | 6.8 (0.7) | 7.1 (0.8) | 0.98 | 6.4 (0.2) | 6.0 (0.2) | 5.9 (0.2) | 6.2 (0.2) | 0.52 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 61.9(11) | 74.1(10) | 72.8(11) | 86(13) | 0.56 | 70.7 (3.1) | 66.8 (3.1) | 73.0 (3.1) | 69.4 (3.1) | 0.54 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 1.46 (0.08) | 1.34 (0.08) | 1.27 (0.08) | 1.42 (0.07) | 0.38 | 1.37 (0.02) | 1.41 (0.02) | 1.37 (0.02) | 1.37 (0.02) | 0.45 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 1.49 (0.09) | 1.51 (0.09) | 1.60 (0.09) | 1.68 (0.10) | 0.53 | 1.68 (0.03) | 1.70 (0.03) | 1.70 (0.03) | 1.66 (0.03) | 0.79 |
| Niacin (mg) | 18.0 (1.3) | 18.6 (1.2) | 18.8 (1.3) | 18.7 (1.5) | 0.97 | 19.3 (0.4) | 19.3 (0.4) | 19.8 (0.4) | 20.2 (0.4) | 0.32 |
| Total folate (μg) | 363 (33) | 373(31) | 373 (33) | 393 (38) | 0.95 | 362 (8.9) | 376 (8.9) | 372 (8.9) | 369 (9.0) | 0.72 |
| Vitamin B-6 (mg) | 1.40 (0.10) | 1.48 (0.10) | 1.39 (0.10) | 1.57 (0.12) | 0.67 | 1.46 (0.04) | 1.46 (0.04) | 1.50 (0.04) | 1.49 (0.04) | 0.80 |
| Vitamin B-12(μg) | 2.78 (0.6) | 3.45 (0.6) | 3.35 (0.6) | 3.37 (0.7) | 0.86 | 4.72 (0.5) | 4.02 (0.5) | 4.31 (0.5) | 3.91 (0.5) | 0.69 |
| Potassium (mg) | 1892(107) | 2058(102) | 1997 (107) | 2123 (126) | 0.53 | 1896 (32) | 1921 (32) | 1894 (32) | 1958 (32) | 0.46 |
| Iron (mg) | 11.9 (0.9) | 12.2 (0.8) | 11.6 (0.9) | 12.6 (1.0) | 0.90 | 12.3 (0.3) | 12.5 (0.3) | 12.0 (0.3) | 12.6 (0.3) | 0.44 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 967 (42) | 975 (40) | 974 (42) | 1023 (49) | 0.83 | 950(13) | 970 (13) | 935 (13) | 973 (13) | 0.15 |
| Calcium (mg) | 672 (50) | 619 (48) | 689 (50) | 719 (59) | 0.59 | 706(18) | 704 (18) | 719(18) | 685 (18) | 0.60 |
| Magnesium (mg) | 254(17) | 246 (16) | 250 (17) | 258 (19) | 0.97 | 220 (4) | 224 (4) | 216 (4) | 224 (4) | 0.38 |
| Zinc (mg) | 8.6 (0.6) | 7.9 (0.6) | 7.1 (0.6) | 9.6 (0.7) | 0.07 | 8.2 (0.2) | 8.8 (0.2) | 8.0 (0.2)a | 8.7 (0.2)a | 0.03 |
| Food group intake | ||||||||||
| Meat | 208 (25) | 142 (27) | 173 (23) | 181(29) | 0.36 | 156 (6) | 155 (6) | 149 (5) | 150 (6) | 0.76 |
| Dairy | 79(13) | 82(12) | 101 (12) | 120(15) | 0.15 | 82(3) | 89(3) | 79(3) | 80(3) | 0.10 |
| Vegetable fat | 53 (10) | 49(10) | 51(10) | 77(12) | 0.27 | 54(4) | 55(4) | 50(4) | 51(4) | 0.83 |
| Eggs | 72(11) | 32 (11)a | 75(11)a | 61 (13) | 0.03 | 46(3) | 45(3) | 45(3) | 42(3) | 0.61 |
| Animal/nut fat | 74(9) | 84(8) | 70(9) | 74 (10) | 0.71 | 74(2) | 77(2) | 71(2) | 71(2) | 0.21 |
| Fruits | 31(7) | 29(7) | 38(7) | 23’ (8) | 0.61 | 29(3) | 30(3) | 33(3) | 31(3) | 0.61 |
| Vegetables | 167(17) | 141 (17) | 152(17) | 153 (20) | 0.76 | 137 (4) | 145 (4) | 137 (4) | 137 (4) | 0.25 |
| Sweet/cake/pie | 120(19) | 142 (18) | 120 (20) | 120 (23) | 0.80 | 170 (8) | 166(8) | 172 (8) | 170(8) | 0.96 |
| Candy/syrup/sugar | 42(9) | 67(8) | 48(9) | 50(10) | 0.20 | 60(4) | 67(4) | 60(4) | 58(4) | 0.40 |
Anovulatory cycles were defined as cycles where the peak progesterone concentration across the cycle was ≤5 ng/mL, and there was no serum LH peak on the later cycle visits
a
Significant pairwise comparisons (P < 0.05) are indicated by similar superscripts, with Holm–Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons