Table 3.
Multivariate Logistic Regression With Human Rights Violations, Political and Economic Factors as Explanatory Variables for Mental Health Status
| Variable | Anxiety,a AOR (95% CI) | Depression,a AOR (95% CI) | PTSD,a AOR (95% CI) | Social functioning,b adjusted difference (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Political and civil rights (10–19 vs non-exposure) | 16.78*** (4.20, 67.04) | 12.52*** (3.49, 44.99) | 16.71* (1.79, 155.78) | –13.29*** (–20.05, –6.53) |
| Torture and inhumane treatment | 2.20* (1.12, 4.33) | 1.47 (0.78, 2.77) | 1.89 (0.94, 3.81) | –5.67** (–9.38, –1.97) |
| Discrimination | 1.11 (0.64, 1.95) | 0.99 (0.57, 1.71) | 1.17 (0.61, 2.25) | –4.29* (–7.65, –0.93) |
| Freedom of movement and residence | 1.39 (0.76, 2.55) | 1.72 (0.94, 3.13) | 3.44** (1.36, 8.70) | –0.24 (–3.98, 3.49) |
| Freedom of thought, expression, and religion | 1.5 (0.83, 2.71) | 1.2 (0.68, 2.11) | 3.01** (1.38, 6.60) | –5.96*** (–9.41, –2.51) |
| Arbitrary arrest, disappearance, and detention | 1.81* (1.02, 3.23) | 1.27 (0.73, 2.19) | 2.45* (1.20, 5.00) | –3.89* (–7.28, –0.50) |
| Social and economic rights (7–13 vs non-exposure) | 5.68*** (2.18, 14.79) | 4.23** (1.70, 10.53) | 5.85* (1.52, 22.47) | –11.20*** (–16.44, –5.96) |
| Rights to food | 2.28* (1.19, 4.37) | 2.54** (1.35, 4.78) | 2.91* (1.25, 6.77) | –7.55*** (–11.29, –3.82) |
| Rights to health | 3.64*** (2.05, 6.44) | 1.52 (0.89, 2.59) | 3.59*** (1.77, 7.28) | –5.13** (–8.32, –1.94) |
| Rights to livelihood | 1.93* (1.10, 3.41) | 1.79* (1.03, 3.11) | 2.80** (1.38, 5.67) | –5.08** (–8.46, –1.70) |
| Forced labor | 1.01 (0.55, 1.85) | 1.92* (1.06, 3.48) | 1.41 (0.66, 3.02) | –3.29 (–6.90, 0.33) |
| Political, economic, and demographic factorsc | ||||
| Songbun (hostile vs core class) | 0.23* (0.06, 0.94) | 0.29 (0.07, 1.18) | 0.20* (0.04, 0.93) | –0.13 (–7.90, 7.64) |
| Household wealth (5th vs 1st highest quintile) | 1.07 (0.41, 2.77) | 3.71** (1.41, 9.76) | 4.51* (1.42, 14.34) | –2.05 (–7.44, 3.33) |
| Gender (male vs female) | 0.39** (0.20, 0.75) | 0.64 (0.34, 1.21) | 0.48 (0.21, 1.09) | 0.98 (–2.66, 4.62) |
| Age | 1.02* (1.00, 1.04) | 1.03*** (1.01, 1.05) | 1.02* (1.00, 1.05) | 0.09 (–0.01, 0.20) |
| Migration type (forced vs voluntary) | 1.65 (0.81, 3.36) | 0.79 (0.40, 1.57) | 3.55** (1.70, 7.43) | 0.43 (–3.44, 4.30) |
| Years of resettlement | 1.39** (1.15, 1.69) | 1.00 (0.83, 1.20) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.37) | 0.56 (–0.49, 1.62) |
Note: Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001).
Multivariate logistic regressions: psychiatric symptoms associated with exposure to political and economic violation after adjustment for political, social, and demographic variables.
Multivariate regressions: social functioning (range 0 [very bad] to 100[very good]) associated with exposure to political and economic rights adjusted for political, social, and demographic variables.
Variables without p<0.05 (Worker’s Party Korea membership, black market employments, education, region of origin, social discrimination in resettlement) are not showed in the table.
PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder.