Table 1.
Demographic, Clinical, Community and Treatment Characteristicsa
| Never Users (1) | Sbottompers (2) | Continuing Users (3) | Starters (4) | F value | P value | Paired comparisons* |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=850 |
N=299 |
N=296 |
N=831 |
||||
| Mean (SD) / N(%) | |||||||
|
Demographic Variables | |||||||
| Male | 568 (96.1) | 210 (95.5) | 223 (97.0) | 573 (97.8) | 1.32 | 0.2669 | |
| Age (years) | 53.15 (8.13) | 49.28 (9.64) | 49.77 (10.02) | 51.76 (7.97) | 21 | <0.0001 | 1>4>2,3 |
| Highest Level School (Years) | 12.83 (2.05) | 12.94 (1.87) | 13.09 (1.73) | 12.86 (1.89) | 1.54 | 0.2024 | |
| Marital Status: | |||||||
| Married | 395 (46.5) | 119 (39.8) | 110 (37.2) | 302 (36.3) | 6.68 | 0.0002 | 1>3,4 |
| Separated/divorced | 308 (36.2) | 117 (39.1) | 129 (43.6) | 373 (44.9) | 4.81 | 0.0024 | 4>1 |
| Widowed | 16 (1.9) | 10 (3.3) | 6 (2.0) | 13 (1.6) | 1.22 | 0.3012 | |
| Race | |||||||
| White | 597 (70.2) | 215 (72.4) | 243 (82.1) | 597 (71.9) | 5.37 | 0.0011 | 3>1,2,4 |
| African American | 212 (24.9) | 61 (20.5) | 36 (12.2) | 173 (20.8) | 7.30 | <0.0001 | 1,4>3 |
| Other | 41 (4.8) | 21 (7.1) | 16 (5.4) | 60 (7.2) | 1.67 | 0.1704 | |
|
Clinical Variables | |||||||
| Baseline PTSD Measures | |||||||
| Symptom Severity (MISS), Baseline | 39.63 (6.00) | 39.87 (5.40) | 39.73 (5.59) | 40.20 (5.72) | 1.42 | 0.2347 | |
| Witnessed Atrocities | 202 (23.8) | 69 (23.1) | 72 (24.3) | 213 (25.7) | 0.39 | 0.7613 | |
| Participated in Atrocities | 138 (16.2) | 45 (15.1) | 51 (17.2) | 165 (19.9) | 1.80 | 0.1458 | |
| Service-connected PTSD | 468 (55.3) | 155 (52.2) | 161 (54.4) | 452 (54.4) | 0.29 | 0.8326 | |
| War Zone Service (P17) | 795 (93.6) | 275 (92.3) | 259 (87.5) | 783 (94.2) | 5.40 | 0.0011 | 1,4>3 |
| Other Psychiatric Disease | |||||||
| Anxiety Disorder | 119 (14.0) | 29 (9.7) | 43 (14.5) | 86 (10.4) | 2.82 | 0.0378 | |
| Affective Disorder | 254 (29.9) | 87 (29.2) | 86 (29.3) | 219 (26.4) | 0.92 | 0.4290 | |
| Bipolar Disorder | 32 (3.8) | 19 (6.4) | 12 (4.1) | 34 (4.1) | 1.29 | 0.2777 | |
| Schizophrenia | 8 (0.9) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (1.0) | 7 (0.8) | 0.09 | 0.9678 | |
| Psychosis, Other than Schizophrenia | 19 (2.2) | 7 (2.4) | 4 (1.4) | 14 (1.7) | 0.49 | 0.6912 | |
| Personality Disorder | 62 (7.3) | 23 (7.7) | 28 (9.5) | 74 (8.9) | 0.74 | 0.5269 | |
| Other Psychiatric Disorder | 34 (4.0) | 14 (4.7) | 14 (4.8) | 38 (4.6) | 0.17 | 0.9190 | |
| Ever Hospitalized (psychiatric) | 677 (79.7) | 278 (93.0) | 265 (89.5) | 735 (88.6) | 2.22 | 0.0838 | |
| Prescribed Psychotropic Medication, Last 30 Days | 738 (86.8) | 247 (82.6) | 258 (87.2) | 720 (86.6) | 1.30 | 0.2735 | |
| Drug, Alcohol Use | |||||||
| Drug Abuse at Admission (ASI) | .0259 (.039) | .1027 (.100) | .1139 (.097) | .0394 (.061) | 195.17 | <0.0001 | 2,3>4>1 |
| Alcohol Abuse at Admission (ASI) | .0634 (.098) | .0984 (.116) | .0863 (.086) | .0804 (.119) | 9.62 | <0.0001 | 2,3,4>1 |
| Other Medical Problems | |||||||
| Number with Chronic Medical Problems |
631 (74.4) | 192 (64.2) | 203 (68.6) | 578 (69.6) | 4.28 | 0.0050 | 1>2 |
|
Community Adjustment Variables | |||||||
| Employment Status at Admission (ASI) | .589 (.258) | .536 (.273) | .592 (.242) | .560 (.259) | 4.33 | 0.0048 | 1,3>2 |
| Days Worked in the Past 30 | 3.39 (8.13) | 2.43 (6.57) | 3.14 (7.52) | 2.58 (7.01) | 1.96 | 0.1174 | |
| Violence at Admission | 1.37 (1.36) | 1.63 (1.32) | 1.48 (1.28) | 1.68 (1.42) | 7.57 | <0.0001 | 2,4>1 |
| Number with History of Incarceration | 366 (43.2) | 153 (51.2) | 165 (55.7) | 485 (58.4) | 14.14 | <0.0001 | 3,4>1 |
| Number Willing to Attend Reunions | 599 (70.9) | 168 (56.8) | 151 (51.7) | 534 (65.4) | 15.05 | <0.0001 | 1,4>2,3 |
|
Treatment Characteristics | |||||||
| Length of Stay in Program | 44.8 (22.4) | 39.3 (23.9) | 38.2 (25.2) | 42.8 (22.0) | 8.10 | <0.0001 | 1>2,3; 4>3 |
| Year of Program Admission | 2002.7 (4.5) | 2003.0 (5.0) | 2003.5 (5.1) | 2002.6 (4.7) | 2.68 | 0.0454 | |
| Expelled from Program | 16 (1.9) | 24 (8.1) | 9 (3.1) | 24 (2.9) | 9.18 | <0.0001 | 2>1,3,4 |
| Transferred from Program | 10 (1.2) | 7 (2.4) | 2 (0.7) | 9 (1.1) | 1.30 | 0.2730 | |
| Left Program Without Staff Concurrence |
30 (3.6) | 13 (4.4) | 21 (7.2) | 25 (3.1) | 3.39 | 0.0173 | |
| Too Sick for Program | 4 (0.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.7) | 3 (0.4) | 0.64 | 0.5900 | |
| Was on Waiting List | 578 (68.2) | 166 (56.3) | 158 (53.9) | 535 (64.9) | 9.07 | <0.0001 | 1,4>2,3 |
a
Data are incomplete for gender (28.5%), days worked in the past 30 (10%), and <1.2% of the following variables: age, education, race, PTSD symptom severity, witnessing atrocities, PTSD service-connection, other psychiatric diseases, drug and alcohol abuse at admission, chronic medical problems, and community adjustment and treatment characteristic variables
*
P < 0.01
Abbreviations: SD - Standard Deviation; ASI - Addiction Severity Index; MISS - Mississippi Short Form scale