Table I.
Baseline Estimates Utilization and Mortality
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Dependent variable: | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
|
Number Outpatient Visits |
Any Outpatient Visit |
Any Hospital Admission |
Number Nights in Hospital |
Log Age- Adjusted All- Cause Mortality |
Level Age- Adjusted All- Cause Mortality |
Log Age- Adjusted Chronic Mortality |
Level Age- Adjusted Chronic Mortality |
|
| Mean of Dep Var for Black Men before 1973 | 4.10 | 0.62 | 0.14 | 2.26 | 3.42 | 30.68 | 3.14 | 23.37 |
|
| ||||||||
| PANEL A---Utilization | PANEL B---Mortality | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Pj*postt *blackr*maleg | −1.328*** (0.354) | −0.037*** (0.007) | −0.015 (0.013) | 0.738** (0.363) | 0.071*** (0.023) | 2.142** (0.851) | 0.087*** (0.022) | 1.566** (0.770) |
| Pj*postt*maleg | −0.022 (0.080) | 0.004 (0.005) | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.067 (0.075) | 0.005* (0.003) | −0.045 (0.047) | 0.008*** (0.003) | −0.031 (0.040) |
| Pj*postt*blackr | −0.052 (0.110) | 0.011* (0.006) | 0.006 (0.004) | 0.123 (0.104) | −0.017 (0.019) | −0.765 (0.658) | −0.018 (0.020) | −0.682 (0.663) |
| Fixed Effects | State-Year, Race-Gender-Year, Race-Gender-State | SEA-Year, Race-Gender-Year, Race-Gender-SEA | ||||||
| Observations | 220,954 | 220,954 | 220,954 | 220,954 | 17,737 | 18,600 | 17,611 | 18,600 |
| No. Clusters | 49 | 49 | 49 | 49 | 465 | 465 | 465 | 465 |
| Adj R-squared | 0.017 | 0.025 | 0.010 | 0.010 | 0.812 | 0.303 | 0.804 | 0.226 |
Notes: OLS estimates of equations (2) and (3). Panel (A) presents outcomes on utilization. Utilization data are from the harmonized version of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) available from IPUMS and merged with restricted identifiers for use in the Restricted Data Center (RDC) and cover the period 1969–1977. Post is an indicator variable equal to 1 in the years following 1972. The unit of observation is the individual, and the sample includes non-veteran black and white men and women ages 45–74. In column (1) the outcome is the number of outpatient physician interactions in the past 12 months. In column (2) the outcome is an indicator variable for any outpatient physician visit in the last 12 months. In columns (3) and (4) the outcome variables are any hospital admission and the number of nights in a hospital, respectively. Panel (B) presents outcomes on mortality. Mortality data are from the compressed mortality files from the CDC and cover the period 1968–1987. The unit of observation is a demographic group within a state economic area (SEA) and the sample includes black and white men and women ages 45–74 who died in the United States. Rates are constructed biennially, and post is an indicator equal to 1 in the years following 1972/1973. In columns (5) and (6) the outcomes are the log and level of age-adjusted mortality from all causes, respectively. In columns (7) and (8) the outcomes are the log and level of age-adjusted chronic mortality, respectively. In addition to the listed fixed effects, utilization regressions control for age, education, marital status, urbanization, whether the respondent has a telephone and income. Mortality regressions include controls for the log of total health (e.g. Medicaid and Medicare) expenditures, the log of Social Security expenditures, the density of hospitals, hospital beds and physicians and the presence of community health centers. Regressions using NHIS data are weighted using provided survey weights. Standard errors are clustered at the state level or SEA level.
p<0.01,
p<0.05 and
p<0.10, respectively.