Table III.
Alternative Measures of Proximity, Robustness Checks
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||
| Dependent variable: | ||||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Number Outpatient Visits | Log Age-Adjusted Chronic Mortality |
Level Age- Adjusted Child Mortality |
||||||
|
|
||||||||
| Migrant Treatment |
South Only | Kids (Placebo) | Migrant Treatment |
South Only | Kids (Placebo) | |||
| PANEL A---Utilization | PANEL B---Mortality | |||||||
|
| ||||||||
| Pj*postt *blackr*maleg | −1.794* (1.027) | −0.152 (0.151) | 0.066** (0.033) | 0.171 (0.548) | ||||
| Pj*postt*maleg | 0.417 (0.423) | 0.016 (0.030) | 0.003 (0.012) | −0.019* (0.010) | ||||
| Pj*postt*blackr | 0.794* (0.434) | 0.148 (0.112) | −0.040 (0.027) | −0.386*** (0.125) | ||||
| Migrantj*postt*blackr*maleg | −10.18*** (3.307) | −8.356** (3.351) | 0.220*** (0.072) | 0.140** (0.069) | ||||
| Migrantj*postt*maleg | 0.838 (1.306) | 0.099 (1.715) | 0.016 (0.018) | 0.015 (0.023) | ||||
| Migrantj*postt*blackr | 2.775 (1.755) | 3.071 (1.981) | −0.090 (0.069) | −0.092* (0.048) | ||||
| Fixed Effects | State-Year, Race-Gender-Year, Race-Gender-State | SEA-Year, Race-Gender-Year, Race-Gender-SEA | ||||||
| Observations | 216,984 | 65,495 | 69,465 | 299,688 | 17,103 | 6,973 | 7,413 | 18,600 |
| No. Clusters | 48 | 16 | 17 | 49 | 451 | 175 | 186 | 465 |
| Adj R-squared | 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.016 | 0.044 | 0.799 | 0.920 | 0.923 | −0.027 |
Notes: OLS estimates of equations (2) and (3). Panel (A) presents outcomes for outpatient visits. Utilization data are from the harmonized version of the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) available from IPUMS and merged with restricted identifiers for use in the Restricted Data Center (RDC) and cover the period 1969–1977. Post is an indicator variable equal to 1 in the years following 1972. In columns (1) through (4) the outcome is the number of outpatient physician interactions in the past 12 months. Columns (1) and (2) use an alternative measure of proximity – the fraction of black migrants from Alabama – instead of geographic proximity to Tuskegee. Alabama is excluded from these regressions. Column (2) is identical to column (1), but restricts the sample to the South. Columns (3) and (4) both use geographic proximity to Tuskegee as an instrument (as in Table I). Column 3 restricts the sample to the South, and column (4) uses the placebo outcome of children’s utilization. Panel (B) presents outcomes for mortality. Mortality data are from the compressed mortality files from the CDC and cover the period 1968 to 1987. The unit of observation is a demographic group within a state economic area (SEA) and the sample includes black and white men and women ages 45–74 who died in the United States. Rates are constructed biennially, and post is an indicator equal to 1 in the years following 1972/1973. In columns (5) and (6) the outcome is log age-adjusted chronic mortality, and fraction of black migrants from Alabama is used as the measure of proximity. Column (6) repeats the specification in (5), restricting the sample to the South. Column (7) restricts the sample to the South and uses geographic distance to Tuskegee. In column (8), the outcome variable is the level of age-adjusted child mortality. Regressions using NHIS data are weighted using provided survey weights. Standard errors are clustered at the state level or SEA level.
p<0.01,
p<0.05 and
p<0.10, respectively.