TABLE 2.
Relationships between exposure to e-cigarette advertisements and ever-use of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes and hookahs
| Outcomes (dichotomous) ever-use# | E-cigarette use¶ | Cigarette use+ | Hookah use§ | E-cigarette/cigarette use+ | E-cigarette/hookah use§ | Cigarette/hookah useƒ | E-cigarette/cigarette/hookah useƒ |
| Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements | 1.6 (1.3–1.8)*** | 1.2 (1.0–1.4)* | 1.4 (1.2–1.7)*** | 1.6 (1.3–1.9)*** | 1.7 (1.4–2.0)*** | 1.4 (1.1–1.7)* | 1.7 (1.4–2.1)*** |
| Age | 1.5 (1.4–1.5)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.5)*** | 1.2 (1.2–1.4)*** | 1.5 (1.4–1.6)*** | 1.5 (1.4–1.6)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.5)*** | 1.5 (1.4–1.6)*** |
| Sex (ref=female) | 1.5 (1.3–1.8)*** | 0.8 (0.7–1.0)* | 1.3 (1.1–1.6)* | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.4 (1.2–1.7)*** | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) |
| School type (ref=high) | 1.8 (1.4–2.4)*** | 1.8 (1.3–2.5)*** | 1.8 (1.4–2.2)*** | 2.0 (1.5–2.9)*** | 2.1 (1.6–2.8)*** | 1.6 (1.1–2.2)* | 2.1 (1.4–2.9)*** |
| Migration background (ref=none) | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 0.7 (0.5–0.9)* | 2.2 (1.8–2.8)*** | 0.8 (0.6–1.1) | 1.3 (1.0–1.7)* | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) |
| Socioeconomic status (ref=low) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2)* | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.0 (1.0–1.1) |
| Sensation seeking (ref=low) | 1.7 (1.6–1.8)*** | 1.7 (1.6–1.9)*** | 1.5 (1.3–1.6)*** | 1.8 (1.7–2.0)*** | 1.7 (1.6–1.9)*** | 1.6 (1.4–1.8)*** | 1.8 (1.7–2.1)*** |
| Consumer susceptibility (ref=low) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3)* | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3)* | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) |
| E-cigarette use## | 7.6 (6.2–9.3)*** | 14.9 (12.1–18.5)*** | 12.6 (9.9–16.0)*** | ||||
| At least one friend vaping e-cigarettes | 3.9 (3.1–4.8)*** | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 3.5 (2.7–4.7)*** | 3.6 (2.8–4.7)*** | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 3.1 (2.3–4.3)*** |
| At least one friend smoking cigarettes | 1.8 (1.5–2.3)*** | 4.6 (3.6–5.8)*** | 1.4 (1.1–1.7)*** | 4.1 (3.0–5.7)*** | 2.2 (1.7–2.8)*** | 4.6 (3.2–6.5)*** | 4.1 (2.8–5.9)*** |
| At least one friend smoking hookahs | 2.3 (1.8–2.9)*** | 1.7 (1.3–2.1)*** | 6.2 (4.7–8.2)*** | 2.2 (1.5–3.0)*** | 4.4 (3.1–6.2)*** | 5.2 (3.4–7.8)*** | 5.1 (3.3–8.1)*** |
Data are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% CI). ref: reference. #: models adjusted for age, sex, migration background, school type, consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence, socioeconomic status, sensation seeking, and e-cigarette use of at least one friend; ¶: n=6573; +: n=6532; §: n=6523; ƒ: n=6511; ##: e-cigarette use was omitted where e-cigarette use was modelled as an outcome. *: p<0.05; ***: p≤0.001; all models allow for nested data (p<0.001).