TABLE 3.
Relationships between exposure to e-cigarette advertisements and past 30-day use of electronic cigarettes, combustible cigarettes and hookahs
| Outcomes (dichotomous) current use# | E-cigarette use¶ | Cigarette use+ | Hookah use§ | E-cigarette/cigarette useƒ | E-cigarette/hookah use## | Cigarette/hookah use¶¶ | E-cigarette/cigarette/hookah use++ |
| Exposure to e-cigarette advertisements | 2.3 (1.6–3.2)*** | 1.4 (1.1–1.9)* | 1.3 (1.0–1.7)* | 2.4 (1.5–4.1)*** | 2.2 (1.5–3.4)*** | 1.8 (1.1–2.9)* | 3.4 (1.8–6.5)*** |
| Age | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)*** | 1.6 (1.4–1.8)*** | 1.4 (1.3–1.5)*** | 1.5 (1.2–1.8)*** | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)* | 1.6 (1.3–1.9)*** | 1.8 (1.5–2.2)*** |
| Sex (ref=female) | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.6)*** | 1.0 (0.7–1.3) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9)* | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 0.5 (0.3–0.9)* | 0.4 (0.2–0.8)* |
| School type (ref=high) | 2.1 (1.3–3.3)* | 1.5 (0.9–2.5) | 1.7 (1.1–2.6)* | 2.2 (1.2–3.9)* | 3.1 (1.7–5.5)*** | 1.4 (0.8–2.4) | 2.8 (1.3–6.1)* |
| Migration background (ref=none) | 0.9 (0.6–1.4) | 0.4 (0.3–0.7)*** | 2.2 (1.6–3.0)*** | 0.4 (0.2–0.9)* | 1.3 (0.8–2.0) | 0.8 (0.4–1.3) | 0.5 (0.2–1.2) |
| Socioeconomic status (ref=low) | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2)* | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.0 (1.0–1.3) | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) |
| Sensation seeking (ref=low) | 2.2 (1.9–2.6)*** | 1.8 (1.5–2.1)*** | 1.7 (1.5–1.9)*** | 2.8 (2.2–3.7)*** | 2.4 (2.0–2.9)*** | 2.3 (1.8–3.0)*** | 3.9 (2.8–5.5)*** |
| Consumer susceptibility (ref=low) | 1.1 (0.9–1.4) | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 1.3 (1.1–1.5)* | 1.2 (0.9–1.6) | 1.2 (0.9–1.5) | 1.6 (1.2–2.1)*** | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) |
| E-cigarette use | 7.7 (5.4–11.1)*** | 8.4 (5.8–12.3)*** | 11.5 (5.3–25.3)*** | ||||
| At least one friend vaping e-cigarettes§§ | 18.1 (6.2–52.6)*** | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.8 (1.1–3.0)* | 30.3 (3.8–240.5)*** | 30.5 (4.0–231.1)*** | 3.9 (1.5–10.3)* | |
| At least one friend smoking cigarettes§§ | 2.3 (1.3–4.3)* | 38.9 (9.3–163.1)*** | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 1.7 (0.8–3.6) | |||
| At least one friend smoking hookahs§§ | 1.9 (0.9–4.2) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2)* | 11.5 (4.4–33.0)*** | 2.0 (0.6–7.2) | 5.2 (1.2–22.6)* |
Data are presented as adjusted odds ratio (95% CI). ref: reference. #: models adjusted for age, sex, migration background, school type, consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence, socioeconomic status, sensation seeking, and e-cigarette use of at least one friend; ¶: n=6577; +: n=6531; §: n=6529; ƒ: n=6540; ##: n=6533; ¶¶: n=6532; ++: n=6575; §§: peer behaviour was omitted in some cases due to small cell frequencies, meaning that corresponding behaviour was also shown by peers. *: p<0.05; ***: p≤0.001; all models allow for nested data (p<0.05).