Table 3. Crude and adjusted risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals for associations of WASH-related risk factors and four measures of enteric infection: Any enteric infection, any bacterial infection, any protozoan infection, and any viral infection.
Multivariable models are adjusted for child age and sex, caregiver education, household wealth, and breastfeeding practices.
| Any Enteric Infection | Any Bacterial Infection | Any Protozoan Infection | Any Viral Infection | n | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | aRR | RR | aRR | RR | aRR | RR | aRR | UV | MV | |
| Latrine superstructure | 0.93 (0.86–1.00)* | 0.95 (0.89–1.02) | 0.95 (0.86–1.04) | 0.96 (0.87–1.06) | 0.80 (0.67–0.94)* | 0.86 (0.74–1.01) | 0.85 (0.56–1.29) | 0.89 (0.58–1.35) | 747 | 704 |
| Drop-hole cover present | 0.95 (0.89–1.00) | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) | 0.90 (0.82–0.98)* | 0.90 (0.83–0.99)* | 0.93 (0.81–1.07) | 0.96 (0.85–1.09) | 1.00 (0.69–1.47) | 0.92 (0.62–1.36) | 740 | 712 |
| Ventpipe present | 1.00 (0.92–1.08) | 1.01 (0.93–1.10) | 0.98 (0.86–1.12) | 0.98 (0.85–1.12) | 0.94 (0.74–1.18) | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 1.06 (0.64–1.78) | 1.17 (0.72–1.89) | 741 | 713 |
| Pedestal or slab present | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 1.01 (0.92–1.10) | 1.00 (0.91–1.09) | 0.94 (0.79–1.10) | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | 1.03 (0.70–1.50) | 0.93 (0.63–1.37) | 737 | 709 |
| Latrine improvement score | 0.97 (0.95–1.00)* | 0.98 (0.96–1.00) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.97 (0.94–1.01) | 0.94 (0.88–1.00)* | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) | 0.99 (0.86–1.14) | 0.96 (0.83–1.12) | 726 | 698 |
| HHs sharing latrine | 728 | 685 | ||||||||
| HH< = 2 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 3–5 HH | 0.95 (0.89–1.03) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) | 0.95 (0.86–1.05) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) | 1.00 (0.61–1.62) | 0.98 (0.59–1.62) | ||
| > 5 HH | 0.93 (0.85–1.02) | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) | 0.89 (0.78–1.02) | 0.93 (0.81–1.06) | 0.97 (0.77–1.21) | 1.11 (0.90–1.37) | 0.95 (0.51–1.77) | 0.97 (0.51–1.84) | ||
| Disposal of child feces in latrine | 1.16 (1.10–1.22)* | 1.01 (0.96–1.06) | 1.17 (1.07–1.26)* | 1.03 (0.93–1.13) | 1.76 (1.55–1.99)* | 1.08 (0.94–1.23) | 0.78 (0.50–1.22) | 0.93 (0.56–1.55) | 746 | 714 |
| Standing water in compound | 0.99 (0.90–1.10) | 0.99 (0.89–1.10) | 0.97 (0.81–1.16) | 0.96 (0.80–1.16) | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) | 1.08 (0.86–1.34) | 0.71 (0.35–1.42) | 0.75 (0.38–1.48) | 747 | 704 |
| Wastewater in compound | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.05 (0.99–1.12) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.06 (0.97–1.16) | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | 1.15 (0.99–1.32) | 1.10 (0.75–1.63) | 1.12 (0.75–1.68) | 747 | 704 |
| Visible feces or used diapers | 1.08 (1.01–1.14)* | 1.07 (1.01–1.14)* | 1.07 (0.98–1.16) | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) | 1.12 (0.97–1.29) | 1.16 (1.01–1.32)* | 0.85 (0.58–1.24) | 0.95 (0.65–1.39) | 747 | 704 |
| Compound floods when it rains | 0.98 (0.92–1.04) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 0.96 (0.88–1.05) | 0.98 (0.90–1.07) | 0.92 (0.80–1.07) | 0.92 (0.81–1.06) | 1.15 (0.78–1.69) | 1.23 (0.82–1.84) | 747 | 704 |
| Compound sanitary score | 1.02 (0.99–1.05) | 1.02 (1.00–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.06) | 1.02 (0.98–1.07) | 1.03 (0.96–1.10) | 1.04 (0.98–1.11) | 1.01 (0.86–1.19) | 1.06 (0.89–1.25) | 747 | 704 |
| Drinking water tap on compound grounds | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.97 (0.91–1.03) | 0.97 (0.88–1.06) | 0.97 (0.88–1.07) | 0.88 (0.74–1.03) | 0.85 (0.73–0.98)* | 0.77 (0.51–1.17) | 0.89 (0.58–1.36) | 742 | 714 |
| Any animal in compound | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) | 1.02 (0.95–1.08) | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 0.98 (0.84–1.13) | 0.95 (0.82–1.08) | 1.41 (0.92–2.18) | 1.46 (0.93–2.31) | 759 | 714 |
| Dogs in compound | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 0.98 (0.89–1.08) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) | 1.10 (0.98–1.22) | 0.83 (0.60–1.15) | 0.82 (0.61–1.10) | 1.25 (0.65–2.43) | 1.24 (0.68–2.25) | 759 | 714 |
| Chickens or ducks in compound | 1.02 (0.94–1.10) | 0.99 (0.92–1.08) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.00 (0.89–1.13) | 1.05 (0.87–1.28) | 0.97 (0.83–1.15) | 0.93 (0.53–1.64) | 0.94 (0.54–1.64) | 759 | 714 |
| Cats in compound | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.03 (0.95–1.12) | 1.04 (0.95–1.13) | 1.00 (0.87–1.15) | 0.95 (0.86–1.08) | 1.33 (0.89–1.98) | 1.35 (0.90–2.03) | 759 | 714 |
| HH floor is covered | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 0.97 (0.88–1.08) | 0.96 (0.82–1.13) | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 0.84 (0.64–1.10) | 0.85 (0.70–1.03) | 0.58 (0.34–1.00)* | 0.59 (0.31–1.09) | 741 | 713 |
| Household crowding, > 3 persons/room | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.02 (0.91–1.14) | 0.88 (0.72–1.07) | 0.82 (0.68–0.99)* | 1.48 (0.98–2.26) | 1.52 (0.95–2.43) | 741 | 713 |
| Compound specific population density | 740 | 695 | ||||||||
| 1 (least dense) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2 | 1.08 (0.97–1.120) | 1.07 (0.96–1.18) | 1.05 (0.82–1.21) | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 1.07 (0.85–1.34) | 1.09 (0.89–1.34) | 1.42 (0.78–2.60) | 1.39 (0.73–2.64) | ||
| 3 | 1.06 (0.95–1.17) | 1.04 (0.94–1.16) | 1.13 (0.99–1.28) | 1.13 (0.98–1.29) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 1.01 (0.81–1.26) | 0.04 (0.54–2.02) | 1.11 (0.57–2.16) | ||
| 4 | 1.07 (0.96–1.19) | 1.05 (0.94–1.17) | 1.04 (0.90–1.20) | 1.03 (0.88–1.20) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 1.04 (0.83–1.29) | 1.41 (0.73–2.71) | 1.35 (0.67–2.73) | ||
| 5 (most dense) | 1.11 (1.01–1.23)* | 1.10 (1.00–1.21)* | 1.06 (0.93–1.22) | 1.06 (0.92–1.23) | 1.01 (0.80–1.28) | 1.13 (0.93–1.39) | 1.56 (0.83–2.91) | 1.44 (0.74–2.78) | ||
| Cumulative rainfall last 30 days, terciles | 759 | 714 | ||||||||
| 1 (least rain) | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 2 | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.98 (0.92–1.05) | 0.93 (0.84–1.02) | 0.92 (0.83–1.02) | 1.00 (0.84–1.19) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 1.06 (0.68–1.66) | 1.09 (0.69–1.72) | ||
| 3 (most rain) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.94 (0.88–1.02) | 0.95 (0.86–1.06) | 0.94 (0.84–1.04) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | 0.99 (0.85–1.16) | 1.22 (0.77–1.95) | 1.35 (0.85–2.14) | ||
| Child age | 726 | 698 | ||||||||
| 1–11 months | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 12–23 months | 1.21 (1.10–1.34)* | 1.12 (1.00–1.26) | 1.12 (0.99–1.27) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) | 2.89 (2.08–4.03)* | 2.41 (1.64–3.57)* | 0.83 (0.53–1.30) | 0.62 (0.35–1.10) | ||
| 24–48 months | 1.34 (1.22–1.47)* | 1.21 (1.07–1.36)* | 1.28 (1.14–1.44)* | 1.14 (0.97–1.34) | 4.20 (3.07–5.75)* | 3.20 (2.14–4.80)* | 0.63 (0.41–0.98)* | 0.48 (0.25–0.93)* | ||
| Child sex, female | 1.04 (0.98–1.10) | 1.04 (0.99–1.10) | 1.06 (0.98–1.16) | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | 0.95 (0.83–1.09) | 0.98 (0.86–1.11) | 1.53 (1.09–2.14)* | 1.65 (1.17–2.31)* | 737 | 714 |
| Any breastfeeding | 0.78 (0.72–0.85)* | 0.87 (0.79–0.96)* | 0.81 (0.73–0.89)* | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | 0.34 (0.27–0.43)* | 0.49 (0.36–0.66)* | 1.11 (0.76–1.61) | 0.81 (0.47–1.37) | 742 | 714 |
| Caregiver completed primary school | 0.95 (0.90–1.01) | 0.97 (0.92–1.03) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) | 1.03 (0.95–1.13) | 0.83 (0.72–0.95)* | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 1.17 (0.83–1.65) | 1.18 (0.82–1.70) | 746 | 714 |
*p<0.05