Table 3. Result of metabolic measurements.

	Walking type	NWrec	NWinstr	Main effect		Interaction		ES
				Group	Walking type	Group × Walking type
				F value (P value)		F value (P value)	Simple main effect
$\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{E}$ (l/min)	OW	35.4 ± 12.0	37.8 ± 8.7	F = 4.68 (P = 0.05)	F = 17.40 (P < 0.01)	F = 9.52 (P = 0.01)	NW: NWrec < NWinstr NWinstr: OW < NW	0.42
		(27.0–43.7)	(32.1–43.5)
	NW	39.9 ± 17.6	52.5 ± 16.3
		(27.7–52.0)	(41.8–63.1)
${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{O}}_2$ (ml/min)	OW	1140.6 ± 360.5	1181.1 ± 288.0	F = 4.24 (P = 0.06)	F = 25.48 (P < 0.01)	F = 18.26 (P < 0.01)	NW: NWrec < NWinstr NWinstr: OW < NW	0.58
		(890.8–1390.4)	(993.0–1369.3)
	NW	1176.5 ± 371.8	1542.5 ± 341.8
		(918.8–1434.1)	(1319.2–1765.8)
${\dot{\mathrm{V}}\mathrm{CO}}_2$ (ml/min)	OW	1105.9 ± 357.3	1332.8 ± 305.7	F = 6.73 (P = 0.02)	F = 33.49 (P < 0.01)	F = 12.31 (P < 0.01)	OW: NWrec < NWinstr NW: NWrec < NWinstr NWinstr: OW < NW	0.49
		(858.2–1353.5)	(1133.1–1532.5)
	NW	1351.4 ± 519.5	1838.3 ± 545.0
		(991.5–1711.4)	(1482.3–2194.4)
RER	OW	0.967 ± 0.029	1.143 ± 0.147	F = 4.48 (P = 0.05)	F = 6.44 (P = 0.03)	F = 0.05 (P = 0.83)		0.00
		(0.947–0.987)	(1.047–1.239)
	NW	1.142 ± 0.150	1.183 ± 0.117
		(1.039–1.246)	(1.107–1.260)
METs	OW	5.4 ± 1.1	5.5 ± 0.9	F = 4.07 (P = 0.07)	F = 25.59 (P < 0.01)	F = 14.74 (P < 0.01)	NW: NWrec < NWinstr NWinstr: OW < NW	0.53
		(4.6–6.1)	(5.0–6.1)
	NW	5.5 ± 1.2	7.3 ± 1.1
		(4.7–6.4)	(6.5–8.0)
Energy cost of walking (J/kg/m)	OW	4.6 ± 0.9	4.3 ± 0.8	F = 0.17 (P = 0.69#)	F = 3.36 (P = 0.09#)	F = 4.24 (P = 0.06#)		0.25
		(4.0–5.3)	(3.8–4.8)
	NW	4.5 ± 0.9	4.9 ± 0.5
		(3.9–5.2)	(4.6–5.2)

Values are mean ± SD (95%CI), NWrec: recreationally trained Nordic walkers, NWinstr: Nordic walking instructors, ES: effect size (partial η²), OW: ordinary walking, NW: Nordic walking, RER: respiratory exchange ratio

#: P-value based on log-transformed data.