Table 4.

Multivariate Odds of Use and Active Use of the Patient-Portal Incorporating Physician Rank, Physician Gender, and Gender Concordance, Clustered by Physician

Characteristic	All included patients			Patient-portal users
	(N = 17,699)			(N = 9443)
	Non-use N = 8256 (%)	Use N = 9443 (%)	AOR use†	Passive use N = 2406 (%)	Active use N = 7037 (%)	AOR use†
Physician rank
Full professor (Ref)	39.8	60.2*	1.0	22.4	77.6*	1.0
Associate professor	41.7	58.3	0.92 (0.83–1.02)	26.2	73.8	0.81 (0.70–0.94)
Assistant professor/fellow	46.5	53.5	0.77 (0.71–0.84)	25.9	74.2	0.90 (0.80–1.03)
Resident	61.2	38.8	0.49 (0.45–0.54)	31.9	68.1	0.68 (0.59–0.78)
Physician gender
Male (Ref)	46.2	53.9	1.0	25.3	74.7	1.0
Female	47.1	52.9	0.97 (0.91–1.04)	25.6	74.4	1.03 (0.92–1.15)
Gender concordance (patient and physician)	45.5	54.5*	1.06 (0.99–1.13)	25.4	74.6	1.02 (0.92–1.13)

*Bivariate analyses p < .05

†Also adjusted for patient age, gender, race/ethnicity, preferred language, insurance status, clinic visits, zip code