Table 2.
Regression of JHOI on structural factors
| Random effect | (SE) | Fixed effect | (SE) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital bedsa | 0.31** | (0.10) | 0.32** | (0.11) |
| Primary care physiciansa | − 3.75*** | (0.62) | − 3.70*** | (0.64) |
| Medical specialistsa | 1.49 | (0.83) | 1.50 | (0.84) |
| Hospital-based specialistsa | 5.92** | (2.57) | 5.80* | (2.63) |
| Surgeonsa | 0.20 | (1.17) | 0.19 | (1.18) |
| Model constant | − 0.30 | (0.62) | − 0.29 | (0.61) |
| Rhob | 0.22 |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001
aPer increase in 1 per 1000 residents in hospital referral region
bThe fraction of variance due to the random intercept
All covariates included in the model are presented in the table. “Hospital-based specialists” includes anesthesiologists, pathologists, and radiologists