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Interaction between immunotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in the TME. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade in combination with other co-inhibitory checkpoints, co-stimulatory checkpoints, or other immunotherapies such as tumor vaccines or oncolytic viruses may overcome the tumor resistance to PD-1/PD-L1, thereby enhancing the antitumor immune response.
