Table 2.

Indirect antioxidants and their effects on chemical toxicity.

Indirect antioxidants	Effect on target organ toxicity
Sulforaphane	Protection against tumor formation induced by many carcinogens: mammary, colon, lung, pancreatic, gastric, intestine, skin, and bladder (mouse, rat, hamster) [16,111,112,113,114,115]
D3T	Inhibition of aflatoxin B1 induced hepatic tumorigenesis (rat) [116,117].
Oltipraz	Inhibition of carcinogenesis induced by various carcinogens in bladder, colon, kidney, liver, lung, pancreas, and stomach (mouse, rat) [116,118,119].
Resveratrol	Inhibition of growth of variety tumors: skin, breast, gastric, colon, small intestine, lung, esophageal, prostate, liver, and pancreatic cancers (mice, rat) [120,121,122]. Human clinical trials in breast cancer patients [123].
Curcumin	Inhibition of tumor development in skin, liver, oral, esophageal, stomach, intestinal, colon, and bladder (mouse, rat) [124]. Human clinical trials in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer and other disease [125,126].
CAPE	Anti-proliferation property in cancer cells [127].