Table 2.
Fumigant toxicity of essential oil of Carum carvi and its main components (R)-carvoneand D-limonene against Sitophilus zeamais (SZ) and Tribolium castaneum (TC) adults.
| Insect | Compounds | LC50* (95% FL) | LC90* (95% FL) | Slope ± SE | Chi square (χ2) | df | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SZ | Essential oil | 3.37 | 5.04 | 7.34 ± 0.84 | 6.48 | 24 | |||||||
| (3.02-3.73) | (4.69-5.43) | ||||||||||||
| (R)-Carvone | 2.76 | 4.56 | 5.89 ± 0.56 | 14.40 | 24 | ||||||||
| (2.59-2.92) | (4.23-4.89) | ||||||||||||
| D-Limonene | 48.18 | 104.24 | 3.74 ± 0.40 | 14.88 | 24 | ||||||||
| (45.29-51.04) | (96.46-108.95) | ||||||||||||
| MeBr** | 0.67 | - | - | - | - | ||||||||
| TC | Essential oil | 2.53 | 5.47 | 3.83 ± 0.43 | 8.40 | 24 | |||||||
| (2.38-2.68) | (4.97-5.89) | ||||||||||||
| (R)-Carvone | 1.96 | 3.67 | 4.65 ± 0.59 | 6.96 | 24 | ||||||||
| (1.83-2.12) | (3.41-3.93) | ||||||||||||
| D-Limonene | 19.10 | 29.19 | 7.25 ± 0.89 | 15.84 | 24 | ||||||||
| (17.53-20.04) | (27.22-31.57) | ||||||||||||
| MeBr** | 1.75 | - | - | - |
* Concentration (mg/L air) ** data from Liu and Ho [37].