Table 1.

Essential oil constituents with analgesic-like activity.

Compound	Experimental model/ administration route	Animal tested			Dose or conc. used or ED50 [ref.]
Monoterpenes
	Hot plate test/i.p. or s.c.	Mouse			10–40 mg/kg [50]
	Writhing test/i.p. or s.c.
	Rat paw hyperalgesic test/p.o.	Rat			5–135 mg/kg
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse			15–405 mg/kg [51]
β-Myrcene
	p-Benzoquinone-induced abdominal	Mouse			500 mg/kg [52]
	constriction test/p.o.
	Tail-flick test/i.p.	Mouse			0.05–0.2 mL/kg [53]
α-Pinene	Formalin test/p.o.	Mouse			400 mg/kg [54]
	Tail-flick/i.p.	Mouse Rat			0.3 mg/kg [55]
	Hot plate test/i.p.
β-Pinene
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			25–50 mg/kg [56]
	Formalin test/i.p.
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
(+)-Limonene
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse			100–400 mg/kg [57]
	Formalin test/p.o.
	Tail-flick/i.p.	Mouse Rat			0.2–0.5 mg/kg, [55]
1,8-Cineole	Hot plate test/i.p.
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
Limonene oxide
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			125–250 mg/kg [58]
	Tail-flick test/i.p.	Rat
	Tail-immersion test/i.p.
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse			10–200 mg/kg [59]
Rotundifolone	Formalin test/p.o.
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
(+)-Pulegone
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
Pulegone oxide
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
Carvone epoxide
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
(+)-Carvone
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			50–200 mg/kg [34]
	Formalin test/i.p.
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse			250 mg/kg [32]
(-)-Carvone
	Hot plate test/s.c.	Mouse			ED50 = 100 mg/kg [33]
	Nilsen test/s.c.
(+)-3-Thujone
	Hot plate test/s.c.	Mouse			ED50 = 6.5 and 14.1 mg/kg [33]
	Nilsen test/s.c.
(-)-3-Isothujone
	Hot plate test/s.c.	Mouse			ED50 = 16.7 mg/kg [33]
(±)-3-Isothujone
	Hot plate test/s.c.	Mouse			ED50 = 33.3 mg/kg [33]
(-)-3-Isothujanol
	Tail-flick test/i.p.	Mouse			0.05–0.2 mL/kg [52]
Fenchone
	Writhing test/-	Mouse			---------- [60]
(+)-Menthone
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50–200 mg/kg [61]
	Formalin test/i.p.
	Hot plate test/i.p.
	Formalin test/i.p.	Mouse		50–200 mg/kg [62]
	Capsaicin-induced nociception test /i.p.
(±)-Citronellal	Glutamate-induced nociception test/i.p.
	Formalin test/p.o.	Rat		30–1000 mg/kg [63]
(geranial) (neral)
Citral (= geranial + neral)
	Writhing test/s.c.	Mouse		25–100 mg/kg [24]
	Hot plate test/s.c.
	Formalin test/ s.c.	Rat Mouse		50–150 mg/kg [27]
	Hot plate test/s.c.
	Glutamate-induced nociception test/i.p. or p.o. or i.t. or i.pl.	Mouse		5–200 mg/kg, 0.1–3µg/site, 10–300 ng/paw; 200 mg/kg [64]
(-)-Linalool	Biting response induced by glutamate, AMPA, NMDA, kainate and substance P tests/i.p.
	CFA-induced persistent inflammation/i.p.	Mouse		50–200 mg/kg [65]
	Partial sciatic nerve ligation–induced neuropathic Hypersensitivity/i.p.
	Nociception induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines/i.p.
	Paw withdrawal test/s.c.	Rat		50–200 mg/kg [66]
	Carrageenan- or L-glutamate- or prostaglandin E2-evoked thermal hyperalgesia
	Hot plate/-	-		ED50 = 488.14 mmol/L [67]
Borneol
	Hot plate test/p.o.	Mouse		1–10 mg/kg;
				5–10 µg per mouse [8]
(-)-Menthol	Writhing test/p.o. or i.c.v.
	Hot plate test/p.o	Mouse		1–100 mg/kg [68]
Thymol
	Hot plate test/p.o	Mouse		0.31–17.7 mg/kg [68]
Thymyl acetate
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		25–100 mg/kg [69]
	Formalin test/i.p.
	Hot plate test/i.p.
	Glutamate-induced nociception test/i.p.
Carvacrol	Capsaicin-induced nociception test/i.p.
	Formalin test/i.p. or p.o. or i.c.v.	Mouse		1–10 mg/kg or 1–4 µg/mouse [70]
Thymoquinone
Sesquiterpenes
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		10–100 mg/kg [71]
Zerumbone	Hot plate test/i.p.
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		12.5–25 mg/kg [72]
	Hot plate test/i.p.
Caryophyllene oxide
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50 mg/kg [73]
Agarospirol
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50 mg/kg [73]
Jinkoheremol
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50 mg/kg [73]
α-Santalol
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50 mg/kg [73]
β-Santalol
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50 mg/kg [73]
Dehydrocostus lactone
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse		50 mg/kg [73]
Costunolide
Phenylpropanoids and other chemical constituents
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse	1–100 mg/kg [74]
	Formalin test/i.p.
	Hot plate test/i.p.
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse	10–50 mg/kg [29]
	Tail-flick/p.o.
	Formalin test/i.t.	Mouse	12.5–50 µg/2.5 µL [30]
	Writhing test/i.t.
Eugenol	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse	50–100 mg/kg [75]
	Hot plate test/p.o.
	Writhing test/s.c.	Mouse	50 mg/kg [76]
	Formalin test/p.o.	Mouse	3–10 mg/kg [77]
Methyleugenol
	Writhing test/i.p.	Mouse	15–50 mg/kg [78]
1-Nitro-2-phenylethane	Formalin test/i.p.
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse	1–10 mg/kg [79]
Vanillin
	Formalin test/i.t.	Mouse	25–150 µg/2.5 µL [30]
Guaiacol	Writhing test/i.t.
	Writhing test/i.g.	Mouse	2.5–10 mg/kg [80]
Ligustilide	Formalin test/i.g.
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse	50–100 mg/kg [81]
Evodione	Tail immersion test/p.o.
	Writhing test/p.o.	Mouse	50–100 mg/kg [81]
Leptonol	Tail immersion test/p.o.