Atrophy, fibrosis, and fatty infiltration-related gene expression was upregulated 3.5- to 4.5-fold in the denervation group and three- to fourfold in the nerve compression group. No major differences of atrophy, fibrosis, or fatty infiltration-related gene expression were found in the nerve compression and release group when compared with the sham group. Solid lines indicate p < 0.05, and dashed lines indicate p < 0.01. Error bars indicate SD. DN = denervation; NC = nerve compression; NCR = nerve compression and release.