Fig. 3.

IL1β protein secretion depends on the NLRP3 inflammasome and adherent PAMPs. Wild-type and NLRP3^-/- macrophages were treated with a vehicle control (blue triangles), endotoxin-free titanium particles (green squares), or titanium particles with adherent bacterial debris (red circles) for 8 hours. IL1β was measured in supernatant using ELISA. All values are shown as percent of maximal IL1β secretion in that experiment, which are the wild-type macrophages stimulated by titanium particles with adherent bacterial debris. N = 3 independent experiments were performed. Each experiment included triplicate cell culture wells per group, each assayed in triplicate. Error bars represent SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-sided analysis of variance. ^***p < 0.001. Ti = titanium; NLRP3 = Nod-like-receptor-protein-3.