Fig. 5 A-B.

Priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome depends on adherent PAMPs, their cognate TLRs, and TIRAP/Mal. Wild-type (red circle), TLR4^-/- (green square), TLR2^-/- (purple triangle), and TIRAP/Mal^-/- (brown diamond) macrophages were treated with vehicle control, endotoxin-free titanium particles, titanium particles with adherent bacterial debris, or titanium particles with adherent uLPS for 2 hours. NLRP3 and IL1β mRNA were measured in cell lysates and the mRNA values were normalized to GAPDH mRNA. N = 5 independent experiments were performed. Each experiment included triplicate cell culture wells per group, each assayed in triplicate. Error bars represent SD. Statistical significance was determined by one-sided analysis of variance. ^*p < 0.05, ^** p < 0.01, ^***p < 0.001.