FIGURE 9.

Sodium ion containing currents recorded in voltage-clamp studies of cells or expressed genes derived from single cell eukaryotes, invertebrates and vertebrates. (A) Squid, rat, fruit fly, jellyfish, diatom and choanoflagellates, reproduced with permission from Tasaki and Spyropoulos (1958), Stühmer et al. (1987), Feng et al. (1995), Grigoriev et al. (1996), Taylor (2009), Mehta (2016). (B) Persistent sodium currents in both invertebrates (top panel) and vertebrate neurons (bottom panel), reproduced with permission from Colmers et al. (1982) and Alzheimer et al. (1993), respectively. (C) Resurgent sodium currents, a property associated only with particular vertebrate neurons, reproduced with permission from Raman and Bean (1997).