Table 4.
Multivariate Cox regression analysis for patients with skeletal Ewing sarcoma
| Characteristics | Cancer-specific survival | Overall survival | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
| Race | 0.011 | 0.009 | ||
| White | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Non-White | 1.334 (1.068–1.665) | 0.011 | 1.329 (1.072–1.647) | 0.009 |
| Ethnicity | 0.699 | 0.649 | ||
| Non-Hispanic | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Hispanic | 1.037 (1.068–1.670) | 0.699 | 1.042 (0.873–1.244) | 0.649 |
| Age (years) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 0–19 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 20–39 | 1.544 (1.341–1.778) | <0.001 | 1.538 (1.324–1.763) | <0.001 |
| ≥40 | 2.180 (1.723–2.758) | <0.001 | 2.348 (1.883–2.928) | <0.001 |
| Sex | 0.084 | 0.048 | ||
| Male | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Female | 0.877 (0.775–1.016) | 0.084 | 0.877 (0.770–0.999) | 0.048 |
| Year of diagnosis | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| 1973–1979 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| 1980–1989 | 0.881 (0.691–1.124) | 0.307 | 0.865 (0.688–1.089) | 0.217 |
| 1990–1999 | 0.598 (0.465–0.769) | <0.001 | 0.594 (0.468–0.754) | <0.001 |
| 2000–2009 | 0.534 (0.422–0.676) | <0.001 | 0.524 (0.419–0.655) | <0.001 |
| 2010–2014 | 0.493 (0.370–0.656) | <0.001 | 0.504 (0.383–0.663) | <0.001 |
| Size (cm) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| ≤10 | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| >10 | 1.517 (1.243–1.851) | <0.001 | 1.495 (1.231–1.816) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 1.247 (1.055–1.473) | 0.010 | 1.280 (1.090–1.503) | 0.003 |
| Lymph node | 0.901 | 0.803 | ||
| Negative | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Positive | 1.039 (0.591–1.828) | 0.894 | 1.176 (0.705–1.960) | 0.534 |
| Unknown | 1.036 (0.890–1.205) | 0.651 | 0.992 (0.859–1.146) | 0.916 |
| Surgery | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| No | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Yes | 0.660 (0.576–0.756) | <0.001 | 0.672 (0.590–0.766) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 0.857 (0.624–1.178) | 0.342 | 0.863 (0.637–1.170) | 0.343 |
| Stage | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Non-distant | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Distant | 2.528 (2.196–2.909) | <0.001 | 2.359 (2.060–2.701) | <0.001 |
| Unknown | 1.158 (0.904–1.483) | 0.246 | 1.163 (0.922–1.468) | 0.202 |
| Histologic type | 0.412 | 0.430 | ||
| EWS | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| PNET/Askin | 0.842 (0.559–1.269) | 0.412 | 0.854 (0.576–1.265) | 0.430 |
| Site | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
| Axial | Ref. | Ref. | ||
| Appendicular | 0.801 (0.699–0.918) | 0.001 | 0.784 (0.688–0.893) | <0.001 |
| Bone, NOS | 1.329 (0.974–1.813) | 0.073 | 1.262 (0.929–1.714) | 0.137 |
Abbreviations: EWS, Ewing sarcoma; PNET, peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumors; Ref., reference.