Table 2.
Changes in the transcriptome in response to FH in human THP-1 cells.
| Immunological function | Up(+)/ down (–) regulation** | Function | Gene* | THP-1 Foam cells | THP-1 MQ | THP-1 Mono | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FH | PBS | p-value | FH | PBS | p-value | FH | PBS | p-value | ||||
| Anti-inflammatory | + | Nrf2 has a role in resistance to oxidant stress. Effect on atherogenesis may vary depending on the activator (39, 40) | NFE2L2 | 176.8 | 76.9 | 0.013 | 131.9 | 171.3 | 0.386 | 142.1 | 171.7 | 0.556 |
| Antiatherogenic | + | Transporter that controls apoAI-mediated cholesterol efflux from macrophages (41) | ABCA1 | 832.8 | 555.1 | 0.075 | 598.9 | 742.6 | 0.270 | 340.4 | 324.7 | 0.835 |
| Antiatherogenic | + | PPAR-α and PPAR-γ activators induce the expression ABCA1 (42) | PPARA | 18.3 | 3.5 | 0.032 | 11.6 | 26.1 | 0.211 | 16.4 | 18.1 | 0.925 |
| Clearance | + | The protein levels of RIPK1/3 are positively correlated with the extent of necroptosis (43) | RIPK1 | 39.8 | 3.5 | 0.004 | 20.3 | 43.7 | 0.053 | 25.4 | 9.2 | 0.071 |
| Proinflammatory | ± | Knockdown of SLC17A9 significantly suppres both M1-type polarization and IL-6 production (44) | SLC17A9 | 113.8 | 58.6 | 0.039 | 58.5 | 122.7 | 0.033 | 187.2 | 131.7 | 0.242 |
| Proinflammatory | – | CX3CL1 is a chemokine involved in the adhesion and migration of leukocytes. | CX3CR1 | 0.0 | 3.5 | 0.356 | 0.0 | 13.0 | 0.001 | 6.8 | 12.4 | 0.633 |
| Proinflammatory | – | CCL5 promotes macrophage recruitment and survival in human adipose tissue (45) | CCL5 | 32.9 | 32.7 | 0.990 | 5.3 | 27.8 | 0.005 | 31.1 | 10.1 | 0.145 |
| Proinflammatory | – | promotes proliferation of fibroblasts upon inflammation (46) | SAAL1 | 8.8 | 0.0 | 0.027 | 1.9 | 16.4 | 0.006 | 3.8 | 2.0 | 0.618 |
| Proinflammatory | + | receptor for IL-3 IL-5 GMCSF | CSF2RB | 29.4 | 0.0 | 0.000 | 22.2 | 14.8 | 0.614 | 17.4 | 22.1 | 0.789 |
| Proinflammatory | ~ | Binds C5a, involved in coronary artery disease and in pathogenesis of sepsis (18) | C5AR2 | 400.1 | 267.2 | 0.114 | 438.1 | 612.9 | 0.053 | 115.0 | 132.5 | 0.684 |
| No effect | Binds C5a | C5AR1 | 193.3 | 215.6 | 0.564 | 158.9 | 142.5 | 0.779 | 47.1 | 24.2 | 0.273 | |
| No effect | apolipoprotein E | APOE | 669.2 | 611.6 | 0.828 | 375.9 | 278.4 | 0.415 | 90.8 | 74.6 | 0.684 | |
| No effect | factor H | CFH | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.1 | 0.214 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |||
*
Panel of genes known to play a role in inflammation or atherosclerosis with the description of their function in inflammation. The numbers show the amount of mRNA transcripts (= mRNA expression level).
**
Up- and downregulation marked as + and – and filled with dark or light gray colors, respectively. Statistical significance (p-values < 0.05 marked in bold numbers) calculated between cells incubated with or without FH using Student's t-test. Gray numbers = no statistical significance between FH and PBS treated cells.