Skip to main content
. 2018 Sep 7;166(2):250–268. doi: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy224

Table 2.

Effects of Phthalate Exposure on Placental Endpoints in Rodent Models

Model or Strain Phthalate Dose (mg/kg) Phthalate Dosing Mode Dosing Window (GD) Sex Summary of Outcomes Ref.
Sprague Dawley rats 750 DEHP Oral 0–19 Combined Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME Xu et al. (2008)
Effects on prostaglandin-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME
Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in the labyrinth: SOME
Effects on overall prostaglandin-related mRNA expression in junctional zone: NO
Effects on overall prostaglandin production: YES
1500 Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME
Effects on prostaglandin-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME
Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in the labyrinth: YES
Effects on prostaglandin-related mRNA expression in junctional zone: NO
Effects on overall prostaglandin production: YES
Effects on overall fatty acid distribution: SOME
ER-luc mice 100 DEHP Oral 8–15 Combined Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: NO Ter Veld et al. (2009)
DIHP Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: YES
6.66 μl/g bw DEHP IP 14 Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: NO
DIHP Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: YES
JF1 mice 750 DEHP Oral 8.5–12.5 NR Loss-of-imprint: SOME Kang et al. (2011)
CD-1 mice 125 DEHP Oral 1–9 NR Effects on placental anatomy and structure: YES Zong et al. (2015)
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: SOME
1–13 Effects on placental weight, anatomy, and structure: SOME
Effects on vascularization: NO
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: YES
250 1–9 Effects on placental anatomy and structure: YES
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: SOME
1–13 Effects on placental weight, anatomy, and structure: YES
Effects on vascularization: YES
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: YES
500 1–9 Effects on placental anatomy and structure: YES
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: SOME
1–13 Effects on placental weight, anatomy, and structure: YES
Effects on vascularization: YES
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: YES
ICR mice 200 DEHP Oral 0–6 or 7–12 or13–17 Combined and by sex Effects on placental weight and anatomy: YES—in males and if exposed on GD7-12 Shen et al. (2017)
Effects on placental structure and proliferation: YES—on GD7-12
Wistar rats 500 DBP Oral 6–18 to F0 Combined Effects on placental weight: YES—in undosed F1, F2, F3 generations. Mahaboob Basha and Radha (2017)
Wistar rats 20 DHP Oral 6–19 NR Effects on placental shape: SOME Ahbab et al. (2017)
Effects on markers of placental damage: NO
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES
100 Effects on placental shape: SOME
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES
500 Effects on placental shape: YES
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES
20 DCHP Effects on placental shape: YES
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES
100 Effects on placental shape: SOME
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES
500 Effects on placental shape: YES
Effects on markers of placental damage: YES
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES

--, no effect observed; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; DHP, di-n-hexyl phthalate; DCHP, dicyclohexyl phthalate; GD, gestational day; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IP, intraperitoneal; NR, not reported; prot, protein.