Table 2.
Model or Strain | Phthalate Dose (mg/kg) | Phthalate | Dosing Mode | Dosing Window (GD) | Sex | Summary of Outcomes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sprague Dawley rats | 750 | DEHP | Oral | 0–19 | Combined | Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME | Xu et al. (2008) |
Effects on prostaglandin-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME | |||||||
Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in the labyrinth: SOME | |||||||
Effects on overall prostaglandin-related mRNA expression in junctional zone: NO | |||||||
Effects on overall prostaglandin production: YES | |||||||
1500 | Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME | ||||||
Effects on prostaglandin-related mRNA or protein expression in junctional zone: SOME | |||||||
Effects on lipid-related mRNA or protein expression in the labyrinth: YES | |||||||
Effects on prostaglandin-related mRNA expression in junctional zone: NO | |||||||
Effects on overall prostaglandin production: YES | |||||||
Effects on overall fatty acid distribution: SOME | |||||||
ER-luc mice | 100 | DEHP | Oral | 8–15 | Combined | Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: NO | Ter Veld et al. (2009) |
DIHP | Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: YES | ||||||
6.66 μl/g bw | DEHP | IP | 14 | Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: NO | |||
DIHP | Effect on estrogen receptor gene activity: YES | ||||||
JF1 mice | 750 | DEHP | Oral | 8.5–12.5 | NR | Loss-of-imprint: SOME | Kang et al. (2011) |
CD-1 mice | 125 | DEHP | Oral | 1–9 | NR | Effects on placental anatomy and structure: YES | Zong et al. (2015) |
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: SOME | |||||||
1–13 | Effects on placental weight, anatomy, and structure: SOME | ||||||
Effects on vascularization: NO | |||||||
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: YES | |||||||
250 | 1–9 | Effects on placental anatomy and structure: YES | |||||
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: SOME | |||||||
1–13 | Effects on placental weight, anatomy, and structure: YES | ||||||
Effects on vascularization: YES | |||||||
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: YES | |||||||
500 | 1–9 | Effects on placental anatomy and structure: YES | |||||
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: SOME | |||||||
1–13 | Effects on placental weight, anatomy, and structure: YES | ||||||
Effects on vascularization: YES | |||||||
Effects on development-, apoptosis-, and vascularization-related genes: YES | |||||||
ICR mice | 200 | DEHP | Oral | 0–6 or 7–12 or13–17 | Combined and by sex | Effects on placental weight and anatomy: YES—in males and if exposed on GD7-12 | Shen et al. (2017) |
Effects on placental structure and proliferation: YES—on GD7-12 | |||||||
Wistar rats | 500 | DBP | Oral | 6–18 to F0 | Combined | Effects on placental weight: YES—in undosed F1, F2, F3 generations. | Mahaboob Basha and Radha (2017) |
Wistar rats | 20 | DHP | Oral | 6–19 | NR | Effects on placental shape: SOME | Ahbab et al. (2017) |
Effects on markers of placental damage: NO | |||||||
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES | |||||||
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES | |||||||
100 | Effects on placental shape: SOME | ||||||
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME | |||||||
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES | |||||||
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES | |||||||
500 | Effects on placental shape: YES | ||||||
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME | |||||||
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES | |||||||
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES | |||||||
20 | DCHP | Effects on placental shape: YES | |||||
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME | |||||||
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES | |||||||
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES | |||||||
100 | Effects on placental shape: SOME | ||||||
Effects on markers of placental damage: SOME | |||||||
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES | |||||||
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES | |||||||
500 | Effects on placental shape: YES | ||||||
Effects on markers of placental damage: YES | |||||||
Effects on protein content of estrogen receptors: YES | |||||||
Effects on marker of proliferation: YES |
--, no effect observed; DEHP, di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; DHP, di-n-hexyl phthalate; DCHP, dicyclohexyl phthalate; GD, gestational day; IHC, immunohistochemistry; IP, intraperitoneal; NR, not reported; prot, protein.