. 2018 Jul 20;26(8):1208–1213. doi: 10.1016/j.jsps.2018.07.012

Table 1.

Effects of oral supplementation of vitamin D combined with calcium on the biomarkers of oxidative stress in STZ-induced diabetic rats after 28 days of treatment. Data are shown as the mean ± standard error of mean (SEM).

Parameters	Control	STZ-induced diabetic rat groups
Parameters	Control	Untreated	Treated with vitamin D & Ca	Treated with insulin
Catalase
Mean ± SEM	18.23 ± 0.08	2.79 ± 0.11	10.8 ± 0.1	15.89 ± 0.1
%Improvement			43.94%	71.86%
%Change		−84.7 ^a%	−40.76^a%	−12.84 ^a%
%Change		−84.7 ^a%	287^b%	469.5^b%
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^a	P < 0.01^a
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^b	P < 0.001^b

Glutathione peroxidase
Mean ± SEM	12.96 ± 0.07	1.98 ± 0.04	8.54 ± 0.06	9.03 ± 0.05
% Improvement			50.61%	54.39%
%Change		−84.72^a%	−34.1^a%	−30.3^a %
%Change		−84.72^a%	331^b%	356^b%
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.01^a	P < 0.01^a
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^b	P < 0.001^b

Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Mean ± SEM	653.43 ± 7.2	129.3 ± 2.1	526.2 ± 2.7	463.1 ± 3.7
%Improvement			60.74%	51.1%
%Change		−80.2^a%	−19.5^a% 307^b%	−29^a% 258^b%
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.05^a	P < 0.001^a
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^b	P < 0.001^b

Malonaldehyde (MDA)
Mean ± SEM	16.23 ± 0.09	58.76 ± 1.7	29.54 ± 0.3	20.55 ± 0.19
%Improvement			−180%	−235.4%
%Change		262%	82^a%	26.62^a%
%Change		262%	−49.7^b%	−65^b%
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^a
Significance (ANOVA, P)		P < 0.001^a	P < 0.001^b	P < 0.001^b

%Improvement = mean treated-mean untreated/mean control × 100.

%Change (a) = mean treated-mean control/mean control × 100.

%Change (b) = mean treated-mean untreated/mean untreated × 100.

P (a) = ANOVA significance in comparison with control.

P (b) = ANOVA significance in comparison with untreated.