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. 2018 Nov 24;13:93. doi: 10.1186/s13000-018-0770-4

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© The Author(s). 2018

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — CD8+ and Foxp3+ T cells in cervical cancer before and after NACT. A pre-chemotherapy biopsy showed a typical morphology of squamous cell carcinoma (a). The tumor had higher CD8+ T cells (b) and Foxp3+ cells (c) in the surrounding tissue than those in the tumor nests. After NACT, the tumor didn’t achieve pathological complete response, which harbors sparse tumor nests in the stroma (d). Foxp3+ T cells decreased significantly (e), while CD8+ cells remained stable (f). In another case with pathological complete response, pre-chemotherapy biopsy was characteristic of squamous cell carcinoma (g). Both CD8+ T cells (h) and Foxp3+ cells (i) were higher in the surrounding tissue than those in the tumor nests. After NACT, the tumor only had a component of residue carcinoma in situ (j). CD8+ cells were not significantly changed (k), while Foxp3+ T cells were almost undetectable (l)