Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment of the 41 included studies
| Study | Study participation | Study attrition | Prognostic factors measurement | Outcome measurement | Statistical analysis and reporting |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reed et al. [65] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Peponis et al. [35] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Starling et al. [59] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Navsaria et al. [45] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| Laing et al. [30] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Cesar et al. [61] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Inaba et al. [46] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Starling et al. [40] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Zafar et al. [62] | Low | High | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| Hope et al. [63] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| Mnguni et al. [36] | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Schnüriger et al. [66] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Fikry et al. [31] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| Bjurlin et al. [32] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Navsaria and Nicol [33] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Voelzke and McAninch [37] | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Moderate |
| Navsaria et al. [47] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Schmelzer et al. [64] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| Chamisa [48] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| DuBose et al. [60] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| MacLeod et al. [44] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | High |
| Demetriades et al. [38] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low |
| Velmahos et al. [12] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Omoshoro-Jones et al. [49] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low |
| Múnera et al. [11] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Velmahos et al. [39] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Demetriades et al. [50] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Velmahos et al. [67] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Low |
| Adesanya et al. [57] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Velmahos et al. [43] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| Demetriades et al. [51] | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Wessells et al. [34] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |
| Chmielewski et al. [41] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Renz and Feliciano [42] | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low |
| Demetriades et al. [52] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Moderate |
| Muckart et al. [53] | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| McAlvanah and Shaftan [54] | Low | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low |
| Lowe et al. [55] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | High | High |
| Taylor [68] | Moderate | High | High | High | High |
| Richter and Zaki [58] | Moderate | Moderate | High | Moderate | Moderate |
| Ryzoff et al. [56] | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate | Moderate |