Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariate GEE analyses of factors associated with engaging in nonmedical prescription opioid use among younger participants (n = 405)
| Characteristica | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p - value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p - value | |
| Age (per year younger) | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) | < 0.001 | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | < 0.001 |
| Any cocaine useb, c | 1.68 (1.18–2.39) | 0.004 | 1.31 (0.88–1.95) | 0.181 |
| Any crack useb, c | 2.16 (1.53–3.05) | < 0.001 | 1.56 (1.06–2.30) | 0.023 |
| Any crystal meth useb, c | 2.06 (1.42–2.98) | < 0.001 | – | |
| Any heroin useb, c | 4.82 (3.34–6.96) | < 0.001 | 3.12 (2.08–4.68) | < 0.001 |
| Any non-fatal overdoseb, c | 2.24 (1.61–3.12) | < 0.001 | 1.43 (0.97–2.10) | 0.070 |
| Binge drug useb, c | 2.36 (1.76–3.15) | < 0.001 | 1.41 (1.00–1.97) | 0.049 |
| Caucasian ancestry | 1.24 (0.85–1.80) | 0.269 | – | |
| Difficulty accessing servicesb, d | 1.70 (1.27–2.27) | < 0.001 | 1.47 (1.04–2.09) | 0.030 |
| Drug dealingb | 2.76 (2.03–3.75) | < 0.001 | 2.22 (1.58–3.13) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 0.91 (0.61–1.36) | 0.662 | – | |
| Homelessb | 1.59 (1.16–2.17) | 0.004 | – | |
| Incarcerationb | 1.32 (0.88–1.99) | 0.177 | – | |
| Regular employmentb | 1.23 (0.92–1.64) | 0.168 | – | |
| Sex workb | 2.11 (1.35–3.29) | < 0.001 | – | |
a. Comparison is yes vs. no unless otherwise specified
b. Refers to behaviours, activities, and experiences in the last six months
c. Includes injection and non-injection use
d. Includes health and social services