Table 4.
Bivariate and multivariate GEE analyses of factors associated with engaging in nonmedical prescription opioid use among older participants (n = 757)
| Characteristica | Unadjusted | Adjusted | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p - value | Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
p - value | |
| Age (per year younger) | 1.03 (1.10–1.04) | < 0.001 | 0.99 (0.97–1.00) | 0.120 |
| Any cocaine useb, c | 1.53 (1.18–1.99) | 0.001 | – | |
| Any crack useb, c | 1.42 (1.12–1.81) | 0.004 | – | |
| Any crystal meth useb, c | 2.95 (2.25–3.88) | < 0.001 | 1.97 (1.46–2.66) | < 0.001 |
| Any heroin useb, c | 3.81 (2.90–4.99) | < 0.001 | 2.79 (2.08–3.74) | < 0.001 |
| Any non-fatal overdoseb, c | 3.09 (2.12–4.48) | < 0.001 | 1.76 (1.20–2.60) | 0.004 |
| Binge drug useb, c | 1.71 (1.37–2.14) | < 0.001 | – | |
| Caucasian ancestry | 1.20 (0.90–1.60) | 0.225 | – | |
| Difficulty accessing servicesb, d | 2.11 (1.65–2.69) | < 0.001 | 1.74 (1.32–2.29) | < 0.001 |
| Drug dealingb | 2.75 (2.10–3.58) | < 0.001 | 1.87 (1.40–2.49) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 0.97 (0.73–1.31) | 0.864 | – | |
| Homelessb | 2.05 (1.50–2.79) | < 0.001 | – | |
| Incarcerationb | 2.28 (1.47–3.54) | < 0.001 | 1.55 (0.98–2.44) | 0.061 |
| Regular employmentb | 0.78 (0.60–1.00) | 0.055 | – | |
| Sex workb | 2.05 (1.41–2.98) | < 0.001 | 1.49 (1.00–2.22) | 0.049 |
a. Comparison is yes vs. no unless otherwise specified
b. Refers to behaviours, activities, and experiences in the last six months
c. Includes injection and non-injection use
d. Includes health and social services