Figure 2. Deregulated Signaling Networks in Pancreatic Cancer.

A. RTK and cell cycle-regulatory signaling networks frequently altered in pancreatic cancer. Oncogenes exhibiting gain-of-function mutations are indicated by a dark dashed line. Tumor suppressor genes altered in the disease are indicated by a lighter dashed line. The frequencies at which these genes are altered are also included. Oncogenic KRAS mutation cooperates with the loss of various tumor suppressor genes to promote cellular proliferation, growth, survival, and stem cell renewal. B. Hippo signaling is frequently deregulated in pancreatic cancer. The ability of the pathway to restrict cell growth and induce apoptosis is mediated by a number of stimuli including cell density, glucose levels, serum levels, and cytoskeletal tension.