Table 4.

Comparison of lower limb alignment values reported from previous studies

	Bellemans et al. (Belgium)			Moreland et al. (Caucasian)	Jabalameli et al. (Iran)			Song et al. (Korea)	Tang et al. (Hong Kong)		Current study
	All	Male	Female	Male	All	Male	Female	Female	Male	Female	Male	Female
HKAA(°)	1.3 ± 2.3	1.9 ± 2.4	0.8 ± 2.1	1.5 ± 2.0	1.5 ± 2.9	3.0 ± 3.1	0.7 ± 2.7	1.4 ± 2.0	2.2 ± 2.7	2.2 ± 2.5	1.5 ± 3.0	0.8 ± 3.1
mLDFA(°)	87.9 ± 1.7	87.9 ± 1.7	87.9 ± 1.8	88.5 ± 2.0	88.9 ± 3.0	89.2 ± 3.3	88.5 ± 2.7	87.8 ± 1.7	87.3 ± 2.7	86.8 ± 2.5	87.3 ± 2.3	87.2 ± 2.5
mMPTA(°)	87.0 ± 2.1	86.5 ± 2.2	87.6 ± 1.8	87.0 ± 1.6	87.2 ± 2.0	86.4 ± 1.7	88.0 ± 2.0	86.8 ± 1.6	85.1 ± 2.3	84.6 ± 2.5	85.4 ± 2.2	86.2 ± 2.2
AA-MA(°)	4.5 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.6	4.4 ± 0.5	5.8 ± 0.7	5.7 ± 1.2	5.7 ± 1.0	5.7 ± 1.4	6.0 ± 0.7	5.6 ± 0.8	5.7 ± 1.0	4.5 ± 1.4	4.9 ± 1.7
KAA(°)					−3.9 ± 3.4	−2.8 ± 3.7	−5.2 ± 2.8				−3.8 ± 2.3	−4.5 ± 2.3
Varus(%)	24.6%	32%	17.2%					20.3%			37.5%	21.6%

HKAA hip–knee–ankle angle, mLDFA mechanical lateral distal femoral angle, mMPTA mechanical medial proximal tibial angle, AA-MA angle between the femoral anatomical axis and the mechanical axis, KAA knee alignment angle