Table 3.
Regression Analysis of Child’s BPI by Migration Status and Other Control Variables (Standard Errors in Parentheses).
| Internalizing BPI | Externalizing BPI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| Migration status (ref. rural local, both parents) | ||||||||
| Urban local, both parents | −0.231 (0.214) | 0.009 (0.240) | −0.079 (0.240) | −0.006 (0.224) | −0.012 (0.371) | 0.674 (0.409) | 0.537 (0.405) | 0.337 (0.403) |
| Rural-urban migrant, both parents | 0.374 (0.387) | 0.502 (0.366) | 0.358 (0.353) | 0.311 (0.341) | 0.645 (0.525) | 0.855 (0.539) | 0.653 (0.524) | 0.512 (0.519) |
| Rural-urban migrant, absent parent | 0.103 (0.497) | 0.391 (0.493) | 0.156 (0.469) | −0.026 (0.436) | 0.578 (1.032) | 0.843 (1.018) | 0.483 (1.020) | 0.272 (0.960) |
| Left behind, father away | −0.130 (0.236) | −0.106 (0.244) | −0.292 (0.232) | −0.319 (0.223) | 0.160 (0.457) | 0.095 (0.447) | −0.158 (0.428) | −0.189 (0.414) |
| Left behind, mother away | −0.039 (0.431) | −0.052 (0.475) | −0.121 (0.439) | −0.217 (0.417) | 0.567 (0.901) | 0.796 (0.906) | 0.697 (0.895) | 0.642 (0.934) |
| Left behind, both away | 0.484* (0.234) | 0.829** (0.291) | 0.577* (0.271) | 0.177 (0.279) | 0.785* (0.370) | 1.231* (0.486) | 0.865 (0.497) | 0.486 (0.501) |
| Child is male | 0.011 (0.146) | −0.013 (0.146) | −0.091 (0.142) | 0.248 (0.242) | 0.219 (0.242) | 0.158 (0.238) | ||
| Child’s age | −0.055 (0.107) | −0.063 (0.105) | −0.069 (0.099) | −0.730*** (0.166) | −0 747*** (0.166) | −0.735*** (0.163) | ||
| Children’s age squared | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.005 (0.006) | 0.025* (0.010) | 0.025** (0.010) | 0.024* (0.009) | ||
| PCG is male | −0.092 (0.195) | −0.101 (0.192) | −0.018 (0.195) | −0.077 (0.306) | −0.070 (0.302) | −0.024 (0.316) | ||
| PCG’s age | −0.007 (0.008) | −0.010 (0.008) | −0.017* (0.008) | −0.022 (0.014) | −0.025 (0.014) | −0.026 (0.015) | ||
| Sibling (ref. no sibling) | ||||||||
| Child has one sibling | 0.196 (0.166) | 0.153 (0.161) | 0.041 (0.157) | 0.799** (0.277) | 0.764** (0.268) | 0.703** (0.268) | ||
| Child has two or more siblings | 0.416 (0.328) | 0.162 (0.320) | −0.250 (0.287) | 0.855 (0.460) | 0.525 (0.456) | 0.207 (0.439) | ||
| Child is minority | −0.248 (0.300) | −0.313 (0.276) | −0.357 (0.244) | −0.768 (0.509) | −0.941 (0.491) | −0.983* (0.445) | ||
| Family income quartiles (ref. bottom 25%) | ||||||||
| Lower 25% | −0.379* (0.180) | −0.273 (0.178) | −0.206 (0.173) | −0.736* (0.334) | −0.580 (0.332) | −0.541 (0.332) | ||
| Upper 25% | −0.457 (0.248) | −0.298 (0.243) | −0.121 (0.232) | −0.910* (0.359) | −0.679 (0.351) | −0.561 (0.348) | ||
| Top 25% | −0.467* (0.232) | −0.237 (0.224) | 0.039 (0.224) | −1.230** (0.391) | −0.877* (0.381) | −0.679 (0.388) | ||
| Region (ref. North/Northeast) | ||||||||
| East | 0.206 (0.226) | −0.130 (0.217) | −0.052 (0.436) | −0.413 (0.429) | ||||
| South-Central | 0.835** (0.253) | 0.587* (0.237) | 0.924* (0.456) | 0.583 (0.441) | ||||
| West | 1.276*** (0.264) | 0.757** (0.266) | 1 701*** (0.477) | 1.167* (0.485) | ||||
| PCG’s parenting practices | −0.047*** (0.013) | −0.030 (0.019) | ||||||
| PCG’s emotional distress | 0.228*** (0.022) | 0.304*** (0.033) | ||||||
| PCG level of education | −0.011 (0.022) | 0.049 (0.036) | ||||||
| Constant | 14.988*** (0.127) | 15.363*** (0.512) | 14.933*** (0.509) | 14.305*** (0.713) | 24.361*** (0.220) | 29.291*** (0.922) | 28.875*** (0.949) | 26.298*** (1.234) |
| N (number of children) | 4,338 | 4,338 | 4,338 | 4,338 | 4,338 | 4,338 | 4,338 | 4,338 |
| Change in coefficient (left behind by both parents vs. rural children with both parents) between current model and previous model | 0.346 (0.184) | −0.253*** (0.072) | −0.400*** (0.089) | 0.446 (0.332) | −0.366** (0.117) | −0.379** (0.123) | ||
| Proportion of total effect mediated by variables in current model (relative to previous model) | −2.314 | 0.769 | 0.697 | −1.641 | 0.785 | 0.448 | ||
| Propensity score matching estimates (left behind by both parents vs. rural children with both parents) | 2.090* (1.030) | 0.613 (1.011) | 3.884* (1.609) | 1.033 (1.347) | ||||
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.