Table 5.
Regression Analysis of Child’s BPI by Left-behind Status and Frequency of Contact and Remittances (Standard Errors in Parentheses).
| Internalizing BPI | Externalizing BPI | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
| By frequency of contact | ||||||
| Migration status (ref. Rural local, both parents) | ||||||
| Left behind, father away with at least weekly contact | −0.150 (0.316) | −0.385 (0.296) | −0.230 (0.279) | 0.003 (0.623) | −0.313 (0.585) | −0.173 (0.553) |
| Left behind, father away with less frequent contact | −0.084 (0.349) | −0.294 (0.336) | −0.480 (0.334) | 0.161 (0.622) | −0.109 (0.607) | −0.272 (0.604) |
| Left behind, mother away with at least weekly contact | −0.557 (0.614) | −0.501 (0.568) | −0.243 (0.516) | 1.474 (1.516) | 1.527 (1.534) | 1.805 (1.512) |
| Left behind, mother away with less frequent contact | 0.635 (0.657) | 0.430 (0.630) | 0.115 (0.662) | 0.767 (1.111) | 0.496 (1.005) | 0.279 (1.055) |
| Left behind, both away with at least weekly contact | 0.259 (0.410) | −0.140 (0.423) | −0.396 (0.424) | 0.820 (0.649) | 0.254 (0.665) | −0.015 (0.662) |
| Left behind, both away with less frequent contact | 1.231** (0.405) | 0.850* (0.412) | 0.529 (0.380) | 1.364* (0.659) | 0.809 (0.693) | 0.606 (0.700) |
| By frequency of remittances | ||||||
| Migration status (ref. Rural local, both parents) | ||||||
| Left behind, father away with remittances multiple times per year | −0.180 (0.276) | −0.424 (0.259) | −0.395 (0.251) | −0.171 (0.509) | −0.476 (0.491) | −0.465 (0.481) |
| Left behind, father away with less frequent remittances | 0.093 (0.533) | −0.090 (0.517) | −0.312 (0.479) | 1.190 (1.156) | 0.918 (1.137) | 0.806 (1.115) |
| Left behind, mother away with remittances multiple times per year | −0.022 (0.680) | 0.018 (0.599) | 0.052 (0.475) | 0.426 (1.050) | 0.464 (1.012) | 0.531 (0.984) |
| Left behind, mother away with less frequent remittances | −0.087 (0.673) | −0.229 (0.634) | −0.370 (0.637) | 1.099 (1.826) | 0.942 (1.944) | 0.910 (1.973) |
| Left behind, both away with remittances multiple times per year | 0.787* (0.352) | 0.680 (0.373) | 0.256 (0.357) | 0.938 (0.584) | 0.379 (0.616) | 0.104 (0.604) |
| Left behind, both away with less frequent remittances | 0.804* (0.373) | 0.725 (0.394) | 0.352 (0.422) | 1.338 (0.750) | 0.802 (0.767) | 0.633 (0.790) |
| N | 2,419 | 2,419 | 2,419 | 2,419 | 2,419 | 2,419 |
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.
Note: Only coefficients of children’s migration status are shown. Other covariates are the same as those in Table 3.