TABLE 2.
Multivariable-Adjusted Associations of Sleep Measures With Adiposity and Cardiometabolic Outcomes
| Outcome | Model 1, β (95% CI) | Model 2, β (95% CI) | Model 3, β (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sleep duration (per 55 min) | |||
| BMI z score | −0.23 (−0.33, −0.13) | −0.13 (−0.24, −0.03) | — |
| Waist circumference, cm | −3.06 (−4.12, −2.00) | −2.66 (−3.84, −1.49) | — |
| Sum of skinfolds, mm | −2.53 (−3.80, −1.26) | −1.85 (−3.22, −0.48) | — |
| DXA fat mass index, kg/m2 | −0.67 (−1.01, −0.34) | −0.49 (−0.86, −0.11) | — |
| DXA trunk fat index, kg/m2 | −0.33 (−0.49, −0.17) | −0.24 (−0.42, −0.05) | — |
| Metabolic risk score | −0.11 (−0.18, −0.03) | −0.08 (−0.17, 0.00) | −0.06 (−0.13, 0.01) |
| HOMA-IR | −0.34 (−0.58, −0.10) | −0.16 (−0.44, 0.11) | −0.12 (−0.38, 0.14) |
| Insulin, μU/mL | −2.69 (−4.38, −1.01) | −0.81 (−2.76, 1.14) | −0.93 (−2.78, 0.93) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | −0.90 (−3.76, 1.97) | 0.09 (−3.51, 3.70) | 0.37 (−3.22, 3.97) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | −1.73 (−2.53, −0.93) | −1.49 (−2.40, −0.57) | −1.42 (−2.34, −0.51) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 0.73 (−2.88, 4.34) | 0.68 (−3.50, 4.85) | 1.21 (−2.92, 5.34) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 1.66 (0.16, 3.15) | 1.63 (−0.12, 3.37) | 1.44 (−0.25, 3.14) |
| Sleep efficiency (per 6%) | |||
| BMI z score | −0.05 (−0.15, 0.04) | −0.10 (−0.20, 0.00) | — |
| Waist circumference, cm | −1.16 (−2.18, −0.14) | −1.65 (−2.76, −0.55) | — |
| Sum of skinfolds, mm | −0.57 (−1.78, 0.63) | −0.72 (−1.99, 0.56) | — |
| DXA fat mass index, kg/m2 | −0.17 (−0.50, 0.15) | −0.30 (−0.65, 0.04) | — |
| DXA trunk fat index, kg/m2 | −0.11 (−0.26, 0.05) | −0.18 (−0.34, −0.01) | — |
| Metabolic risk score | −0.07 (−0.14, 0.00) | −0.09 (−0.17, −0.01) | −0.08 (−0.14, −0.02) |
| HOMA-IR | −0.08 (−0.31, 0.14) | −0.11 (−0.37, 0.14) | −0.10 (−0.34, 0.14) |
| Insulin, μU/mL | −1.80 (−3.35, −0.24) | −0.65 (−2.42, 1.13) | −0.62 (−2.31, 1.07) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | −2.71 (−5.38, −0.05) | −3.91 (−7.24, −0.58) | −3.80 (−7.12, −0.49) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | −1.17 (−1.93, −0.41) | −1.53 (−2.39, −0.68) | −1.46 (−2.32, −0.61) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | −2.68 (−5.99, 0.62) | −1.16 (−4.98, 2.65) | −0.84 (−4.60, 2.92) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 1.47 (0.10, 2.84) | 1.65 (0.05, 3.24) | 1.46 (−0.08, 3.00) |
| WASO (per 36 min) | |||
| BMI z score | 0.00 (−0.10, 0.09) | 0.07 (−0.03, 0.16) | — |
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.44 (−0.58, 1.46) | 1.03 (−0.07, 2.13) | — |
| Sum of skinfolds, mm | −0.08 (−1.28, 1.12) | 0.18 (−1.08, 1.45) | — |
| DXA fat mass index, kg/m2 | 0.02 (−0.30, 0.33) | 0.19 (−0.15, 0.53) | — |
| DXA trunk fat index, kg/m2 | 0.03 (−0.12, 0.18) | 0.12 (−0.04, 0.29) | — |
| Metabolic risk score | 0.04 (−0.03, 0.11) | 0.06 (−0.02, 0.13) | 0.06 (−0.01, 0.12) |
| HOMA-IR | −0.02 (−0.23, 0.20) | 0.04 (−0.20, 0.29) | 0.04 (−0.19, 0.28) |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 1.20 (−0.34, 2.73) | 0.51 (−1.24, 2.26) | 0.52 (−1.15, 2.18) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 1.51 (−1.08, 4.10) | 2.72 (−0.52, 5.97) | 2.70 (−0.52, 5.93) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.74 (−0.02, 1.50) | 1.13 (0.27, 1.98) | 1.08 (0.23, 1.93) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 2.87 (−0.39, 6.12) | 1.15 (−2.60, 4.90) | 0.97 (−2.73, 4.67) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | −1.13 (−2.48, 0.22) | −1.30 (−2.87, 0.27) | −1.16 (−2.68, 0.36) |
| Sleep duration variability (per 35 min) | |||
| BMI z score | 0.12 (0.03, 0.22) | −0.01 (−0.11, 0.09) | — |
| Waist circumference, cm | 0.90 (−0.13, 1.93) | −0.18 (−1.31, 0.95) | — |
| Sum of skinfolds, mm | 2.06 (0.84, 3.27) | 0.79 (−0.51, 2.09) | — |
| DXA fat mass index, kg/m2 | 0.33 (0.01, 0.65) | 0.05 (−0.30, 0.41) | — |
| DXA trunk fat index, kg/m2 | 0.15 (0.00, 0.30) | 0.03 (−0.15, 0.20) | — |
| Metabolic risk score | 0.03 (−0.04, 0.09) | −0.02 (−0.09, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.05) |
| HOMA-IR | 0.22 (0.00, 0.43) | −0.02 (−0.26, 0.23) | 0.00 (−0.23, 0.24) |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 0.89 (−0.67, 2.45) | −0.19 (−1.93, 1.55) | −0.23 (−1.88, 1.43) |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 3.03 (0.45, 5.60) | 2.60 (−0.62, 5.82) | 2.65 (−0.55, 5.86) |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 0.08 (−0.70, 0.85) | 0.07 (−0.82, 0.95) | 0.08 (−0.80, 0.95) |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | −1.18 (−4.50, 2.13) | −2.04 (−5.76, 1.69) | −2.24 (−5.92, 1.44) |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dL | 0.61 (−0.77, 1.99) | 1.36 (−0.20, 2.92) | 1.40 (−0.11, 2.91) |
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex. Model 2 comprised model 1 and maternal education and household income, season of measurement, adolescent race and/or ethnicity, puberty (Tanner stage), and obesity-related behaviors (MVPA, television-viewing hours per day, and fast food and sugar-sweetened beverage servings per day). Model 3 comprised model 2 and BMI z score (for cardiometabolic biomarkers only). —, not applicable.