. 2018 Nov 26;8:188. doi: 10.1186/s13568-018-0715-z

Table 1.

Nutrient composition of two DDGS before and after fermentation (as air-dry basis)

Item, %	CDDGS		RDDGS
Item, %	Unfermented	Fermented	Unfermented	Fermented
Dry matter	89.31 ± 1.56	91.10 ± 1.93	88.06 ± 1.03	89.21 ± 1.78
Lignin	1.77 ± 0.10^a	1.10 ± 0.12^b	1.75 ± 1.56^a	1.28 ± 1.60^b
Cellulose	5.70 ± 0.62^a	3.55 ± 0.51^b	5.30 ± 0.50^a	3.42 ± 0.27^b
ADF	10.35 ± 1.68^a	4.94 ± 0.43^b	11.86 ± 1.38	8.78 ± 1.50
NDF	30.24 ± 2.62^a	20.35 ± 2.92^b	20.19 ± 1.62^a	16.27 ± 0.85^b
Total dietary fiber	12.15 ± 0.36	12.98 ± 0.60	11.4 ± 41.37	13.35 ± 0.52
Total starch	14.28 ± 0.95	12.99 ± 2.06	16.14 ± 2.36^a	11.94 ± 0.65^b
Amylopectin	9.62 ± 1.06	9.75 ± 1.92	11.87 ± 1.62^a	9.00 ± 0.46^b
Amylose	4.66 ± 0.52^a	3.24 ± 0.33^b	4.27 ± 0.77^a	2.95 ± 0.20^b
Crude protein	27.23 ± 0.62^b	31.38 ± 0.55^a	34.05 ± 0.46^b	37.51 ± 0.47
TCA-SP	12.47 ± 0.44^b	15.57 ± 0.64^a	17.32 ± 0.64^b	22.61 ± 0.98^a
FAA	0.25 ± 0.04^b	0.53 ± 0.05^a	0.74 ± 0.06^b	3.20 ± 0.35^a
Small peptides	12.22 ± 0.46^b	15.04 ± 0.60^a	16.58 ± 0.59^b	19.42 ± 0.63^a
EE	5.88 ± 0.20	6.19 ± 0.28	3.06 ± 0.09	3.46 ± 0.17
Ash	4.22 ± 0.65	3.28 ± 0.43	4.81 ± 0.32	3.83 ± 0.34
Ca	0.14 ± 0.02	0.16 ± 0.01	0.22 ± 0.02	0.18 ± 0.02
P	0.31 ± 0.03	0.28 ± 0.01	0.29 ± 0.02^a	0.17 ± 0.05^b
Indispensable AA
Arg	1.33 ± 0.09	1.41 ± 0.06	1.12 ± 0.19	1.16 ± 0.18
His	0.43 ± 0.02^b	0.72 ± 0.03^a	0.50 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.01
Ile	1.21 ± 0.03	1.25 ± 0.14	1.20 ± 0.02	1.20 ± 0.06
Leu	2.03 ± 0.08	2.14 ± 0.14	1.56 ± 0.07^b	2.30 ± 0.17^a
Lys	0.47 ± 0.01^b	0.56 ± 0.02^a	0.40 ± 0.02^b	0.56 ± 0.02^a
Met	0.49 ± 0.01^b	0.53 ± 0.01^a	0.36 ± 0.04^b	0.65 ± 0.05^a
Phe	1.14 ± 0.12^b	1.47 ± 0.13^a	1.13 ± 0.17	1.36 ± 0.10
Thr	0.91 ± 0.02	1.05 ± 0.16	0.58 ± 0.04^b	1.03 ± 0.19^a
Val	1.30 ± 0.06^b	1.52 ± 0.04^a	1.13 ± 0.09^b	1.30 ± 0.05^a
Dispensable AA
Asp	1.81 ± 0.05^b	2.23 ± 0.09^a	1.25 ± 0.06^b	1.44 ± 0.05^a
Ser	1.21 ± 0.02	1.22 ± 0.03	1.16 ± 0.16^b	1.81 ± 0.10^a
Glu	5.00 ± 0.19^b	5.42 ± 0.11^a	3.87 ± 0.12^b	4.26 ± 0.05^a
Gly	1.10 ± 0.01	1.16 ± 0.06	1.03 ± 0.06	1.06 ± 0.05
Ala	1.32 ± 0.06^b	1.58 ± 0.10^a	1.34 ± 0.11^b	2.02 ± 0.18^a
Cys	0.39 ± 0.03	0.47 ± 0.09	0.70 ± 0.03	0.77 ± 0.05
Tyr	1.25 ± 0.05	1.32 ± 0.04	1.79 ± 0.17	1.52 ± 0.15
Pro	1.16 ± 0.17	1.23 ± 0.04	1.14 ± 0.04	1.20 ± 0.01
Total AA	22.55 ± 0.46^b	25.3 ± 10.74^a	20.29 ± 0.37^b	24.13 ± 0.84^a

Values are means of three replicates per treatment. Means in a row without common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.05)